Consider the following data on the relationship between depression 1 and obesity
ID: 3221792 • Letter: C
Question
Consider the following data on the relationship between depression1 and obesity2 from a hypothetical case-control study.
Obesity2
Depression1
Obese
Non-obese
Totals
Overall
Yes
12,241
29,155
41,396
No
55,947
190,419
246,366
Males
Yes
6,211
18,851
25,062
No
25,110
88,082
113,192
Females
Yes
6,030
10,304
16,334
No
30,837
102,337
133,174
1Depression was measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); scores of 16 or higher were used to indicate probable depression.
2Obesity was defined as body mass index scores (BMI) 30; non-obese were defined as BMI scores < 30.
Is gender a confounder, effect modifier or mediator of the relationship between depression and obesity? Please discuss each possibility and calculate and interpret all relevant measures of association to support your conclusion.
Obesity2
Depression1
Obese
Non-obese
Totals
Overall
Yes
12,241
29,155
41,396
No
55,947
190,419
246,366
Males
Yes
6,211
18,851
25,062
No
25,110
88,082
113,192
Females
Yes
6,030
10,304
16,334
No
30,837
102,337
133,174
Explanation / Answer
Chi-Square Test: Obese, Non-obese
Expected counts are printed below observed counts
Chi-Square contributions are printed below expected counts
Obese Non-obese Total
1 12241 29155 41396
9809.18 31586.82
602.877 187.221
2 55947 190419 246366
58378.82 187987.18
101.299 31.458
Total 68188 219574 287762
Chi-Sq = 922.855, DF = 1, P-Value = 0.000
There is significant association between depression and obesity at the overall level.
the highest impact is observed between obsese and depressed person. The difference between observed and expected count is significantly different.
FOR MALE
Chi-Square Test: Obese, Non-obese
Expected counts are printed below observed counts
Chi-Square contributions are printed below expected counts
Obese Non-obese Total
1 6211 18851 25062
5677.72 19384.28
50.089 14.671
2 25110 88082 113192
25643.28 87548.72
11.090 3.248
Total 31321 106933 138254
Chi-Sq = 79.099, DF = 1, P-Value = 0.000
There is significant association between depression and obesity for Male category.
the highest impact is observed between obsese and depressed person. The difference between observed and expected count is significantly different.
FOR FEMALE
Chi-Square Test: Obese, Non-obese
Expected counts are printed below observed counts
Chi-Square contributions are printed below expected counts
Obese Non-obese Total
1 6030 10304 16334
4027.78 12306.22
995.307 325.760
2 30837 102337 133174
32839.22 100334.78
122.076 39.955
Total 36867 112641 149508
Chi-Sq = 1483.098, DF = 1, P-Value = 0.000
There is significant association between depression and obesity for Female category.
the highest impact is observed between obsese and depressed person. The difference between observed and expected count is significantly different.
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