BEYOND THE NUMBERS 3.19 | LEARNING OUTCOMES 4 TO 7 Statistical Significance in t
ID: 3266695 • Letter: B
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BEYOND THE NUMBERS 3.19 | LEARNING OUTCOMES 4 TO 7 Statistical Significance in the Media-Part III Section Number:- Name: To be graded, all assignments must be completed and submitted on the original book page. EXHIBIT 1 A Hearty Example Drug Safety Title: Trial Intensifies Concerns about Safety of Vytorin Author: Alex Berenson Source: The New York Times, July 22, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/ business/22drug.html Let's start this exercise by rereading excerpts from the article about Vytorin in Beyond the Numbers 3.18 on statistical significance in the media. In a clinical trial, the cholesterol-lowering drug Vytorin did not help people with heart-valve disease avoid further heart problems but did appear to increase their risk of cancer, scientists reported Monday. Platients taking Vytorin in the Seas trial did have a sharply higher risk of developing and dying from cancer. In the trial 102 patients taking Vytorin developed cancer, compared with 67 taking the placebo. Of those, 39 people taking Vytorin died from their cancer, compared with 23 taking placebo. The absolute numbers of cancer cases were relatively small. But they reached statistical significance, meaning the odds were less than 5 percent that they were the result of chance. meaning the odds were less than percent th e Think of the following experiment as "sounding the alarm" if Vytorin is riskier than a placebo. Choices are: H,: Vytorin is not different than a placebo with respect to cancer risk-(silence) H: Vytorin is worse than a Statistical science always looks for evidence against the null-that is-evidence consistent with the alternative. If that evidence is strong enough, the process proclaims HA is true (thumbs up), all the while realizing that this proclamation may be tantamount to a false positive. But if the Type I error rate is set sufficiently low, H, is the decision that is made. The results are then said to be statistically significant. Typically, "sufficiently low" means the Type I error rate was set to be 0.05 or less. In the Vytorin example, you know what H, and H, are because of the words, "the absolute numbers of cancer cases were relatively small. But they reached statistical significanceExplanation / Answer
1)
Null Hypothesis: Eating vagitable prevents cancer
Alteratve hypothesis: Eating vagitable doesnt prevent cancer
2)
Null Hypothesis was rejected as title says Eating vagitable doesnt stop cancer
3)
If we reject null hypothesis but if it is true then it is type 1 error and risk is involved in it
4)
Null hypothesis was rejected as sample size was large so it is statistically significant but not practically
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