For each of the brief study descriptions presented below, first identify the out

Question

For each of the brief study descriptions presented below, first identify the outcome and the exposure then identify whether the study is descriptive or analytic. If the study is descriptive give the study type (case report or series, or cross sectional). If the study is analytic tell whether it is experimental or observational and, if observational, its type (cohort, case-control).

A- Fifty patients recently diagnosed with hepatitis C were selected along with another group of 50 subjects without hepatitis C. The groups were then interviewed to determine if they had had any body piercing within the last two months. To assure the groups were comparable, they were matched for age, sex, and race. The findings revealed that the body piercing was more likely among the group with hepatitis C than those without the disease after controlling for other factors.

B-Avian adeno-associated virus is suspected of resulting from exposure to poultry. Serum samples from poultry workers and from a general adult population sample are tested to determine the proportion of individuals with positive avian A-Av antibody.

C-A behavior pattern identified as Type A (characterized by a hard-driving time urgency) is thought to be associated with heart disease. Type A behavior is assessed for a group of men in a post coronary rehabilitation program. All men not falling into the Type A group are denoted Type B. Type A and Type B men are followed for 5 years to assess recurrence rates.

D. Investigators are studying employees at a bus company to test their hypothesis that occupational stress causes high blood pressure. Two major groups of employees are of interest: bus drivers and office workers in the same salary range. The investigators measure the blood pressure of all bus drivers and of a group of office workers matched to the bus drivers on age, sex, race, and length of employment. The mean blood pressure of the drivers is higher than that of the office workers and the investigators conclude that stress causes high blood pressure.

E-One hundred newly diagnosed breast cancer patients are interviewed to determine their lifelong dietary history for the consumption of fat. Healthy first-degree female relatives (mothers or sisters) of cases are interviewed in a similar manner. We compare the proportion of women reporting a history of high dietary fat consumption in breast cancer patients and the control group.

Explanation / Answer

A- Fifty patients recently diagnosed with ... than those without the disease after controlling for other factors.

This is an example of case report since we are selecting 50 patients diagnosed with Hepatitis C and another equivalent number without it. All other variables comparison might just be a coincidence/chance.

B-Avian adeno-associated virus is suspected ... avian A-Av antibody.

This is an example of observational study since we are collecting a random sample here, and observational because we are not intervening with the population.

C-A behavior pattern identified as Type A .... for 5 years to assess recurrence rates.

Since there is no randomization here and a follow up is there, we classify this example as that of a series study or cross-sectional.

D. Investigators are studying employees ... office workers and the investigators conclude that stress causes high blood pressure.

This is a descriptive study of the report type. There is no randomization and all the units of the population are considered.

E-One hundred newly diagnosed breast cancer patients ... breast cancer patients and the control group.

This is again an observational study as we are considering 100 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and there is no sample selection here Also, the first-degree female relatives history is likely to strongly correlated with the diagnosed patients.

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