Question 1 Were the shifts from hunter-gatherer to agriculture societies and the

Question

Question 1

Were the shifts from hunter-gatherer to agriculture societies and then agricultural to urban societies good? Explain. Compare and contrast the different societies.

Question 2

Discuss the ethical implications of both the environmental justice and social justice consequences of the skewed distribution of the impacts of production, distribution, and consumption in the global community today.

Question 3

Would you be willing to change your eating and cooking habits out of concern for distant ecosystems and the human welfare and equity of workers in distant agricultural enterprises? What changes would you make? Would you consider it a sacrifice?

Explanation / Answer

Answering the first question as per the Chegg policy.

The human, since its inception, has lived in different era and circumstances. This era, his needs in the times and the resources available coupled with his knowledge of the resources has led to different dwelling he made for himself. Some of these are-

1. Nomadic life: Initially, the man lived a life of a complete nomad (hunter-gatherer). He used to hunt animals and ate them raw. He had to go long distances to search for food and had no protection from weather, wild animals and other factors of nature. He had very less idea about the resources available and how to utilize them for his own needs. At this point, he had not made any society to live and used to live and hunt alone without any collaborative living. This was the time when the man used caves to live, ate raw meat and travelled a lot in search of food.

2. Agricultural societies: In due course of time, the man started to discover and utilize the effects of fire, cultivation (planting of crops) and started living on a fixed land to produce the crop and survive on it. For this, he needed more manpower as the task was not a one-person task. They formed groups and societies and cultivated together. They started living together in close vicinities and it helped them to stay protected and collaborate for food they produced. The work in the field was also divided and carried by all of the workers equally. This gave rise to team skills and collaborative living. These societies were the first platform where any kind of collaboration was used by man ever. It helped the man in evolving and resources sharing, imparting a lot of learning to his personality. This era saw the exchange system of barter where goods and services were exchanged. Besides farming, he also modified his tools from bones to metals and used them to work more efficiently.

3. Urban societies: With the evolution of agricultural societies and metallic era, the man developed the same methods and made them more efficient. The tools became more advanced, the resource sharing became more complex and evolved and slowly led to rising of industrialization era. This era had an extensive use of tools and techniques coupled with technology to produce more and live a high standard life. The agricultural societies were converted into urban living. Also, the element of caste was also introduced. The urban societies didn’t only produce food but also the items necessary to life sustenance. It also gave rise to services sector works. The coin and currency had already replaced barter and the man was living in a better than ever times. The advantage of shifting to this type of society was that the man was able to produce more than ever due to technology and tools evolution. He was able to trade the surplus produce and create wealth which gave rise to rich poor and caste-based system of division. This era led him to utilize his own potential for extracting more from nature and resources and use it for the benefit of himself.

Impact: The shift from Nomad to agriculture to urban living has seen an evolution of humankind. While the man, his techniques, living style, eating habits and brain had developed from basic to advanced; it has also given rise to some of the bad impacts like pollution, rich poor and caste divisions and much more.

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