Question 3. Let e E Z be chosen such that e + pZ is a primitive root modulo P. (
ID: 3306149 • Letter: Q
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Question 3. Let e E Z be chosen such that e + pZ is a primitive root modulo P. (We proved that such a root exists in lecture.) (1) Prove that 1 +p has exact orderlp modulo p for all primes p> 2. (You may use HW 2 #5.) (2) Prove that = epn-1 has exact order p-1 in (Z/p"Z)". (3) Construct a primitive root modulo p" for any odd prime p, thereby completing the proof of the theorem. Hint: Recall from l ively prime exact order, then their produ has exact order the product of their exact orders (4) Prove Z/15Z does not have any primitive root. Why can we not simply multiple two primitive roots modulo 3 and modulo 5, respectively, in order to obtain a primitive root modulo 15?Explanation / Answer
Rolling a single die
1) probability of rolling divisors of 6 :
Since its a single die, the possible outcomes are 1,2,3,4,5,6. All have equal probability(1/6) since its a fair die
Out of these divisors of 6 are 1,2,3,6. So P(divisors of 6) = 1/6*1/6*1/6*1/6 = 1/1296 = 0.0008
2) probability of rolling a multiple of 1: Since all(1,2,3,4,5,6) are multiples of 6 = 1/6*1/6*1/6*1/6*1/6*1/6= 1/46656 = 0.00002
3) probability of rolling an even number : There are 3 even numbers between 1-6 i.e. 2,4,6
Hence probability of rolling an even number = 1/6*1/6*1/6 = 1/216 =0.0046
4) List of all possible outcomes of rolling a single die ={1,2,3,4,5,6}
5) probability of rolling factors of 3 : Factors of 3 are 1,3
Hence probability of rolling factors of 3 = 1/6*1/6 = 1/36 = 0.0278
6) probability of rolling a 3 or smaller : 3 or smaller are 1,2,3. Hence the probability = 1/6*1/6*1/6 = 1/216 = 0.0046
7) probability of rolling a prime number: Prime numbers between 1-6 are 2,3,5 hence probability = 1/6*1/6*1/6=1/216=0.0046
8) probability of rolling factors of 4 : Factors of 4 are 1,2,4 hence the probability = 1/6*1/6*1/6 = 1/216 =0.0046
9) probability of rolling divisors of 30 : Divisors of 30 are 1,2,3,5,6 = 1/6*1/6*1/6*1/6*1/6 = 1/7776 = 0.0001
10) probability of rolling factors of 24: Factors of 24 are 1,2,3,4,6 = 1/6*1/6*1/6*1/6*1/6=1/7776=0.0001
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