In what ways do advertisers in magazines use sexual imagery to appeal to youth?

Question

In what ways do advertisers in magazines use sexual imagery to appeal to youth? One study classified each of 1509 full-page or larger ads as "not sexuel" or "sexual," according to the amount and style of the dress of the male or female model in the ad. The ads were also classified according to the target readership of the magazine. Here is the two-way table of counts Magazine readership Model dress Women Men General interest Total Not sexua 352 526 Sexual 250 73 1128 381 219 89 Total 71 615 323 1509 a) Summarize the data numerically and graphically. (Compute the conditional distribution of model dress for each audience. Round your answers to three decimal places.) Women Men General Not sexual Sexual b) Perform the si nificance test that compares the mode dress for the three categories of magazine readership. Summarize the results of your test and give your condusion. your P-value to four decimal places.) Use = 0.01. Round your value or to two decimal places, and round O Fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress O Reject the null hypothesis. There is significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress. O Fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is not significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress Reject the null hypothesis. There is not significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress. (c) All of the ads were taken from the March, July, and November issues of six magazines in one year. Discuss this fact from the viewpoint of the validity of the significance test and the interpretation of the results. This is an SRS. This gives us no reason to believe our conclusions are suspect. This is not an SRS·This gives us no reason to believe our conclusions are suspect. O This is an SRS. This gives us reason to believe our conclusions might be suspect O This is not an SRS. This gives us reason to believe our conclusions might be suspect.

Explanation / Answer

conclusion :

there is significant evidence of association between target audience and model dress

c.

this is an SRS,this give us reason to believe conclusions might be suspect

Given table data is as below MATRIX col1 col2 col3 TOTALS row 1 352 526 250 1128 row 2 219 89 73 381 TOTALS 571 615 323 N = 1509 ------------------------------------------------------------------

calculation formula for E table matrix E-TABLE col1 col2 col3 row 1 row1*col1/N row1*col2/N row1*col3/N row 2 row2*col1/N row2*col2/N row2*col3/N ------------------------------------------------------------------

expected frequecies calculated by applying E - table matrix formulae E-TABLE col1 col2 col3 row 1 426.831 459.722 241.447 row 2 144.169 155.278 81.553 ------------------------------------------------------------------

calculate chisquare test statistic using given observed frequencies, calculated expected frequencies from above Oi Ei Oi-Ei (Oi-Ei)^2 (Oi-Ei)^2/Ei 352 426.831 -74.831 5599.679 13.119 526 459.722 66.278 4392.773 9.555 250 241.447 8.553 73.154 0.303 219 144.169 74.831 5599.679 38.841 89 155.278 -66.278 4392.773 28.29 73 81.553 -8.553 73.154 0.897 ^2 o = 91.005 ------------------------------------------------------------------

set up null vs alternative as
null, Ho: no relation b/w X and Y OR X and Y are independent
alternative, H1: exists a relation b/w X and Y OR X and Y are dependent
level of significance, = 0.01
from standard normal table, chi square value at right tailed, ^2 /2 =9.21
since our test is right tailed,reject Ho when ^2 o > 9.21
we use test statistic ^2 o = (Oi-Ei)^2/Ei
from the table , ^2 o = 91.005
critical value
the value of |^2 | at los 0.01 with d.f (r-1)(c-1)= ( 2 -1 ) * ( 3 - 1 ) = 1 * 2 = 2 is 9.21
we got | ^2| =91.005 & | ^2 | =9.21
make decision
hence value of | ^2 o | > | ^2 | and here we reject Ho
^2 p_value =0


ANSWERS
---------------
null, Ho: no relation b/w X and Y OR X and Y are independent
alternative, H1: exists a relation b/w X and Y OR X and Y are dependent
test statistic: 91.005
critical value: 9.21
p-value:0
decision: reject Ho

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