Question 4 A female aphid reproduces parthenogenetically to create a colony of t

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Question 4

A female aphid reproduces parthenogenetically to create a colony of ten clones of herself. Five of these individuals become "soldiers" and do not reproduce; instead, they defend the other five reproductive individuals from predatory insects. Consider a single soldier and a single reproductive female. From the soldier's perspective, each of that reproductive female's offspring are genetically equivalent to the soldier's own

nieces and nephews

offspring

siblings

grandchildren

first cousins

1 points

Question 5

The form of natural selection that promotes behaviours that help close relatives is called .

1 points

Question 6

Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) come up on a beach during breeding season. Males arrive first and establish a territory by posturing and fighting with other males. The posturing and fighting behaviours are probably a result of which of the following?

Group selection

Intrasexual selection

Intersexual selection

Kin selection

Competition

1 points

Question 7

Group selection is an evolutionary stable strategy.

True

False

1 points

Question 8

Which of the following statements about Hymenoptera is not correct?

Sex determination includes diploid females (queens and workers) and haploid males (drones).

They exhibit care of the young with clear and consistent division of labour between reproducer (queen) and non-reproducers (workers).

The group benefits come from living in and defending the nest.

Degree of relatedness (r) is higher for sister-sister relationships (0.75) than for mother-daughter relationships (0.5).

In terms of genetic representation in the next generation, it is better for the workers to produce more offspring rather than help the mother produce more sisters.

1 points

Question 9

If B = the benefit of a behaviour to a recipient, C = the cost of the behaviour of the donor, and r = the degree of relatedness between the recipient and donor, then if rB > C, altruism can evolve.

True

False

1 points

Question 10

Meerkats are small desert mammals that live in groups of 20-50 animals. You observe the behaviour of a group of meerkats. Which of the following behaviours would you categorize as examples of reciprocal altruism?

One meerkat spends time standing upright on a stump, looking around, while other meerkats forage for food.

One meerkat grooms a second meerkat, who is sleeping.

Two meerkats take turns grooming each other, each spending about the same amount of time grooming the other.

One meerkat stands in the sun, while the other spends time digging out the burrow.

One meerkat spends time sleeping in the burrow after eating, while other meerkats forage for food.

A.

nieces and nephews

B.

offspring

C.

siblings

D.

grandchildren

E.

first cousins

Explanation / Answer

4

grandchildren

5

altruistic behavior

6

Intrasexual selection

7 False

8

The group benefits come from living in and defending the nest.

9

True

10

Two meerkats take turns grooming each other, each spending about the same amount of time grooming the other.

D.

grandchildren

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