When asked to explain the meaning of \"the P-value was P = 0.03,\" a student say

Question

When asked to explain the meaning of "the P-value was P = 0.03," a student says, "This means there is only probability 0.03 that the null hypothesis is true."
Explain what P = 0.03 really means in a way that makes it clear that the student's explanation is wrong.

A. P = 0.03 means that the outcome is at least 3% higher among one group than among the other group. B. P = 0.03 means that there is a probability of 0.03 that the null hypothesis is false. C. P = 0.03 means that the probability, assuming the null hypothesis is true, that the test statistic will take a value at least as extreme as that actually observed, is 0.03. D. P = 0.03 means that the probability, assuming the null hypothesis is true, that the test statistic will take a value at least as extreme as that actually observed, is less than 0.03.

Explanation / Answer

P=0.03 really means that the probability, assuming the null hypothesis is true, that the test statistic will take a value at least as extreme as that actually observed, is 0.03. Thus, the student

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