Chap 12: Disorders . Describe the negative and positive symptoms of schizophreni

Question

Chap 12: Disorders . Describe the negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia 2. Describe the evidence for a genetic contribution to schizophrenia 3. According to the integrative model of schizophrenia, what are environmental factors that contribute to schizophrenia? 4. What brain abnormalities are correlated with schizophrenia? 5. Describe the evidence for and against the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia 6. Describe the glutamate hypothesis 7. What are the undesired effects of antipsychotic drugs, and how might their effects be minimized? 8. What are behavioral, mood, and anatomical (brain) symptoms of depression? 9. What evidence suggests the role of genes in depression? 10. What evidence indicates that preventing a suicidal attempt results in long-term prevention of suicide? 11. Identify the MAOI's, SSRI's, and tricyclics, and advantages and disadvantages of each. 12. What evidence indicates that low serotonin is not directly contributing to depression? 13. How might Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) treat depression? 14. Describe how the animal models of learned helplessness explains depression 15. Describe the symptoms of bipolar disorder and treatment. 16. Describe these anxiety disorders: panic disorder, generalized anxiety, phobia, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive and compulsive disorders 17. Describe the synaptic action of anxiolytic (antianxiety) drugs 18. What evidence indicates a genetic contribution to PTSD?

Explanation / Answer

Ans. 1

Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia- Delusions and Hallucination are summarized as the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia- Emotional frustration, inability of speech, antisocial behaviour, expressionlessness and Anhedonia are negative symptoms of schizophrenic personality.

Ans. 2

The biological factors that influenced the schizophrenia genetic transfer of disorder, swelling in brain tissues, increased level of neurotransmitters like dopamine.

Ans. 3

The environmental effects can active or deactivate the genes of schizophrenia which effects the genetic transfer. The schizophrenia can develop by the sudden change of environment and acute problem of depression.

Ans. 4

The brain size increased in schizophrenic person, in damages in brain tissues, increased level of neurotransmitters are the brain symptoms of schizophrenia.

Ans. 5

The dopamine hypothesis influenced in 1960, according to this hypothesis, the over activeness of dopamine system define the awareness towards stimulus. The increased level of dopamine effects the awareness and it can make aware towards background stimulus.

Ans. 6

The glutamate is a neurotransmitter that effects the hypothalamus, it can increase the awareness about voices, sensation etc. the glutamate help to transfer harmful stimulus.

Ans. 7

The antipsychotic drugs or neuroleptics are used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, long term use of antipsychotics associated with involuntary movements, dementia etc.

Ans. 8

The depression related to stress and mood disorder, long term stress can cause the depression, depressive behaviour shows some specific symptoms like chronic headache, inability to decision making and OCD etc.

Ans. 9

The biological evidence explained the relation between genetic transfer and depression, if a person suffering from depressive condition, there is possibility to transfer the depressive behaviour to the child through genes.

Ans. 10

The suicide is a psychological disorder and symptoms of suicidal behaviour can observe before long time, some symptoms are depression, isolation and passive behaviours. If we control and prevent the symptoms by therapies, we can prevent the suicidal behaviours.

Ans. 11

MOIs, CCRIs and tricyclic drugs known as antidepressant and they help us to treat depressive behaviour as well as other mental disorder. These drugs help to maintain mental equilibrium.

Ans. 12

The serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps the person to behave normally and feel the happiness and grief. The increased level of serotonin effects the mood while low level of serotonin reduce the feelings towards happiness. Evidence says that the serotonin is not directly involved in depression.

Ans. 13-

In the CBT, treatment of behavioural problems related to conditioning, in this therapy, we correlate the observational behaviour and observable reinforcement. If we connects the depressive behaviour to the normal behaviour and use reinforcement to modify the depressive behaviour.

Ans. 14

The learned helplessness model given by Harlow, if we get same kind of problem and we don’t find the appropriate solution, we conditioned with the problems and this theory called learned helplessness.

Ans. 15

The bipolar disorder also known as Manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes mood shifting, changes in energy level, hypersomnia etc.

Treatments- MOAIs and Tricyclic’, SSRIs, behavioural therapies, ECT, TMS etc.

Ans. 16

Anxiety disorder divided into 6 parts as Phobic disorder, GAD, Panic disorder, OCD, Acute stress disorder and PTSD.

Phobic Disorder- A persistent and irrational fear which divided into three parts as Agoraphobia, Social Phobia, Specific Phobias.

GAD- Generalized anxiety disorder is free floating anxiety, in this disorder person not able to identify the real problem.

ASD- The acute stress disorder refers to chronic stress condition with unidentified reasons.

Panic Disorder- in this disorder, person face random panic attack and depersonalization.

OCD- Obsessive compulsive disorder is refers to a condition of obsession and compulsion to perform any work or persistent irrational thinking.

PTSD- Post traumatic stress disorder refers to past experiences which create emotional or fearful effects like Rape, attack, war crime etc.   

Ans. 17

Anxiolytic drugs helps to treat anxiety disorder, they reduce the somatic symptoms and control neurotransmission and emotional behaviour. Ex. Azapirones, barbiturates etc.

Ans. 18

The biological and genetic evidence defined PTSD, if any family have background of mental disorder or imbalance in neurotransmission, it is possible to reflects on next generation.

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