HELPFUL INFO----- Appeal to Pity Brings up sad things Intends to evoke pity Moti

Question

HELPFUL INFO-----

Appeal to Pity

Brings up sad things

Intends to evoke pity

Motivates psychologically to accept a conclusion

The sad things are irrelevant to the conclusion

Appeal to Fear (including force)

Brings up scary things

Intends to evoke fear

Motivates psychologically to accept a conclusion

The scary things are irrelevant to the conclusion

Appeal to the People

Encourages audience to accept what others believe

Uses peer pressure to influence

Inclusivist peer pressure or

Exclusivist peer pressure

Not claimed that the peer group has any special expertise

Ad Hominem*

Responding to another, opposing argument, or testimony

Brings up negatives or perceived negatives about the opponent, commonly one of the following:

Abusive (negative character traits)

Circumstantial (motives to argue for the conclusion, predispositions to argue for the conclusion)

Tu Quoque (hypocrisy on behalf of the opponent)

NOT a case of legitimately undermining testimony

Straw Man*

Responds to another, opposing, argument or claim

Misrepresents the opposing view, and then pretends to defeat that view.

May be relevant to, even defeat, some similar sounding, or related, possibly more general, view.

Accident

Appeals to a general rule or principle

The rule or principle is not absolute (There are exceptions.)

Applied to an exceptional case

Arguer acts as if either (a) the rule is absolute or (b) the case is typical.

Red Herring

Premises are not logically relevant to the conclusion

It is NOT one of the other fallacies of relevance

The psychological impetus for accepting the conclusion is distraction, often by a similar sounding, or related, possibly more general, conclusion.

Sometimes this fallacy is said to occur when one gives arguments about a subject that is irrelevant to the established discussion, whether those arguments themselves are fallacious or not.

QUESTION 1 Professor Smith argues for adoption of stronger standards covering food imported from China. But Smith is a disgusting leftist ex-hippie who reportedly has sex with his female students. Smith s arguments are trash, just as he is. O Appeal to Pity Appeal to Fear O Appeal to the People O Ad Hominem Strawman O Red Herring O No Fallacy QUESTION 2 Mr. Strieber testifies that he saw a UFO in the field last weekend. But there is good reason to believe that Mr. Strieber was under the influence of LSD at the time. His testimony is therefore not good evidence that there was a UFO O Appeal to Pity Appeal to Fear I to the People O Ad Hominem Strawman O Red Herring O No Fallacy QUESTION 3 You really need a cell phone. You can see people everywhere walking around and driving while talking on their phones. You re the only person who doesn t have one. It really is a necessity in today s world O Appeal to Pity O Appeal to Fear (including force) Appeal to the People O Ad Hominem Strawman O Red Herring O No Fallacy

Explanation / Answer

Appeal to the People as it Encourages audience to accept what others believe and Uses peer pressure to influence

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