HELPFUL INFO--- Begging the Question (Circular Argument) Either: It has a premis

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HELPFUL INFO---

Begging the Question (Circular Argument)

Either:

It has a premise that just restates the conclusion, typically in different words, or

It would be impossible to have knowledge of the premises without already having prior knowledge of the conclusion.

The conclusion is not self-evident

Complex Question

Asks a question

The question suggests a range of potential answers

Either:

All of the suggested answers are false; or

All of the suggested answers are misleading; or

There are, or at least might be, other potential answers.

False Dichotomy

A range of options is specified

Either:

All of the specified options are false; or

There are, or at least might be, other options.

Suppressed Evidence

The premises do provide some evidence to believe the conclusion, but

There is another argument against the conclusion, which

Is clearly better than this argument; and

The person should have realized it.

Equivocation

A word or phrase has more than one meaning.

One premise seems true if the word or phrase has the first meaning.

Another premise seems true if the word or phrase has the other meaning.

The support for the conclusion depends on the word meaning the same thing in both premises.

Composition

The premises say that each part of X has property P

The conclusion is that X, as a whole, has property P

Property P is not a type of feature that can be expected to compose.

Division

The premises say that X, as a whole, has property P

The conclusion says that each part of X has property P

Property P is not a type of feature that can be expected to divide.

QUESTION 57 You should exercise every day. So therefore, Johnny, who was hit by a car yesterday, should get out of his hospital bed and go for a jog Circular Reasoning (aka Begging the Question) O Complex Question or False Dichotomy O Suppressed Evidence O Equivocation O Composition or Division QUESTION 58 Do you want America to win the global war on terror, or do you want America to lose? Circular Reasoning (aka Begging the Question) O Complex Question or False Dichotomy O Suppressed Evidence Equivocation O Composition or Division QUESTION 59 Global warming has never been a problem in the past. Therefore, it will not be a problem in the future O Circular Reasoning (aka Begging the Question) Complex Question or False Dichotomy O Suppressed Evidence Equivocation Composition or Division QUESTION 60 Al says, "l had a crazy time last night." Bob thinks, when I had my crazy time I had to go the mental hospital. Bob conlcudes that Al probably ended up in the mental hospital too Circular Reasoning (aka Begging the Question) Complex Question or False Dichotomy O Suppressed Evidence O Equivocation O Composition or Division

Explanation / Answer

(Answers) 57 – Suppressed Evidence – This is because jogging is good for health and it is viable evidence. However, for the situation that Johnny is in, another piece of evidence is more valuable that would change the argument. The other piece of evidence is that Johnny needs rest since he is in the hospital. This evidence is also true.

58 – Composition – Because winning and losing are both part of the possibilities of the scenario which is equal to “X.” Winning and losing are both assigned the value of “P.” However, P is not a type of feature that can be composed of both winning and losing, it has to be either one.

59 – Complex question – This is because all of the options are either false or misleading.

60 – Equivocation – This is because the word “crazy” has two assumptions.

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