HELPFUL INFO----- Appeal to Pity Brings up sad things Intends to evoke pity Moti

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HELPFUL INFO-----

Appeal to Pity

Brings up sad things

Intends to evoke pity

Motivates psychologically to accept a conclusion

The sad things are irrelevant to the conclusion

Appeal to Fear (including force)

Brings up scary things

Intends to evoke fear

Motivates psychologically to accept a conclusion

The scary things are irrelevant to the conclusion

Appeal to the People

Encourages audience to accept what others believe

Uses peer pressure to influence

Inclusivist peer pressure or

Exclusivist peer pressure

Not claimed that the peer group has any special expertise

Ad Hominem*

Responding to another, opposing argument, or testimony

Brings up negatives or perceived negatives about the opponent, commonly one of the following:

Abusive (negative character traits)

Circumstantial (motives to argue for the conclusion, predispositions to argue for the conclusion)

Tu Quoque (hypocrisy on behalf of the opponent)

NOT a case of legitimately undermining testimony

Straw Man*

Responds to another, opposing, argument or claim

Misrepresents the opposing view, and then pretends to defeat that view.

May be relevant to, even defeat, some similar sounding, or related, possibly more general, view.

Accident

Appeals to a general rule or principle

The rule or principle is not absolute (There are exceptions.)

Applied to an exceptional case

Arguer acts as if either (a) the rule is absolute or (b) the case is typical.

Red Herring

Premises are not logically relevant to the conclusion

It is NOT one of the other fallacies of relevance

The psychological impetus for accepting the conclusion is distraction, often by a similar sounding, or related, possibly more general, conclusion.

Sometimes this fallacy is said to occur when one gives arguments about a subject that is irrelevant to the established discussion, whether those arguments themselves are fallacious or not.

QUESTION 19 It looks like you need your driveway repaved. The reason I say that is, if you don t get it done, who knows what could happen to you? You could be thrown into the back of a dump-truck or somethingl It clearly needs work. Appeal to Pity Appeal to Fear (including force) Appeal to the People O Ad Hominem Strawman O Red Herring O No Fallacy QUESTION 20 Much of Aristotle s ethical and political theory can be set aside as having only historical interest For Aristotle was just another member of the wealthy educated Greek society of his time Appeal to Pity O Appeal to Fear (including force) Appeal to the People O Ad Hominem O Strawman O Red Herring O No Fallacy QUESTION 21 There s a lot of talk about reforming lending and banking practices on Wall Street. However, these are dangerous ideas. When public officials say such things, it may create anxiety among business leaders and plunge our whole economy into a depression. Wall Street banks are not to be trifled with, the lawmakers should leave them alone. O Appeal to Pity O Appeal to Fear (including force) o Appeal to the People Ad Hominem Strawman O Red Herring O No Fallacy

Explanation / Answer

19. Appeal to Fear (including force) as it generates fear

20. Ad Hominem as it Brings up negatives or perceived negatives about the opponent

21. Appeal to Fear (including force)as it Brings up scary things and Intends to evoke fear

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