HELPFUL INFO----- Appeal to Pity Brings up sad things Intends to evoke pity Moti

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HELPFUL INFO-----

Appeal to Pity

Brings up sad things

Intends to evoke pity

Motivates psychologically to accept a conclusion

The sad things are irrelevant to the conclusion

Appeal to Fear (including force)

Brings up scary things

Intends to evoke fear

Motivates psychologically to accept a conclusion

The scary things are irrelevant to the conclusion

Appeal to the People

Encourages audience to accept what others believe

Uses peer pressure to influence

Inclusivist peer pressure or

Exclusivist peer pressure

Not claimed that the peer group has any special expertise

Ad Hominem*

Responding to another, opposing argument, or testimony

Brings up negatives or perceived negatives about the opponent, commonly one of the following:

Abusive (negative character traits)

Circumstantial (motives to argue for the conclusion, predispositions to argue for the conclusion)

Tu Quoque (hypocrisy on behalf of the opponent)

NOT a case of legitimately undermining testimony

Straw Man*

Responds to another, opposing, argument or claim

Misrepresents the opposing view, and then pretends to defeat that view.

May be relevant to, even defeat, some similar sounding, or related, possibly more general, view.

Accident

Appeals to a general rule or principle

The rule or principle is not absolute (There are exceptions.)

Applied to an exceptional case

Arguer acts as if either (a) the rule is absolute or (b) the case is typical.

Red Herring

Premises are not logically relevant to the conclusion

It is NOT one of the other fallacies of relevance

The psychological impetus for accepting the conclusion is distraction, often by a similar sounding, or related, possibly more general, conclusion.

Sometimes this fallacy is said to occur when one gives arguments about a subject that is irrelevant to the established discussion, whether those arguments themselves are fallacious or not.

QUESTION 16 Did you know that over 75% of Americans believe that global warming is a hoax? Given that fact, I think we can conclude that global warming is not real. o Appeal to Pity Appeal to Fear (including force) Appeal to the People Strawman No Fallacy O Ad Hominem O Red Herring QUESTION 17 Our coach makes arguments to us about the dangers of steroids. But you can t take him too seriously. When the coach was our age he popped steroid pills every day Appeal to Pity Appeal to Fear (including force) Appeal to the People Ad Hominem Strawman Red Herring No Fallacy QUESTION 18 The feminist philosopher Sandra Harding argues that sexual intercourse between man and woman in our society always has the coercive character of rape, because in our society sex is understood as an exercise of male domination over the female. But the real reason she makes this type of argument is that she was abused as a child. We cannot take Harding s argument seriously in light of this. O Appeal to Pity Appeal to Fear (including force) O Appeal to the People Ad Hominem Strawman O Red Herring No Fallacy

Explanation / Answer

16. Red Herring as the Premises are not logically relevant to the conclusion

17.Straw Man as it Misrepresents the opposing view, and then pretends to defeat that view.

18.Ad Hominem as it brings Abusive (negative character traits)

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