HELPFUL INFO--- Appeal to Unqualified Authority Encourages audience to accept wh

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HELPFUL INFO---

Appeal to Unqualified Authority

Encourages audience to accept what others believe

Claims or assumes special expertise

One or more of the following problems:

Appeals to people who are not experts in the appropriate subject, or not experts at all

Lack of consensus among experts on the subject

Not an area of established knowledge

Appeals to untrustworthy experts

Appeal to Ignorance

Can be paraphrased in the following way

There is no evidence/proof that p

Therefore, p is false

It is NOT the case that: If p were true, good evidence or a proof of p would have been discovered.

Hasty Generalization

Reasoning from a sample to the general population

One of the following

The sample is too small

The sample is biased

NOT one of the other, more specific, fallacies. (Some other fallacies could be subsumed under HG, especially FC and WA)

False Cause

Starts with correlation between X and Y, concludes X is the cause of Y

Fails to rule out other potentially more likely explanations, especially:

Just coincidence

It’s reversed, Y causes X

Some third thing, Z, causes both

X is only one of a number of causal factors

Subtype: "The Gambler’s Fallacy"

Concerns a series of independent events or turns, where X is one possible result among others

Premises say that X has not come up as often as statistically expected in previous turns

Concludes X is more likely on the next turn

Slippery Slope

Argument that can be paraphrased:

A leads to B

B leads to C

…

… leads to Z.

Z is a catastrophe or an absurdity.

So, A must be rejected.

No objectively good reason to predict such a chain reaction

Weak Analogy

Makes a comparison between X and Y

The similarities are not relevant to the conclusion

There are dissimilarities that are relevant to the conclusion

QUESTION 37 If we stand by and let congress pass laws against abusing animals like dogs and cats, then next they will protect cows, pigs, and chickens. Then they II want to pass laws protecting worms and insects, which will devastate our agricultural industry. This in turn will lead to the starvation of the entire human race. O Appeal to Unqualified Authority O Appeal to Ignorance O Hasty Generalization O False Cause O Slippery Slope o Weak Analogy O No Fallacy QUESTION 38 In the town where Ilive, it has rained at least once a week as long as I can remember. I m sure that s just the way it is everywhere. O Appeal to Unqualified Authority Appeal to Ignorance Hasty Generalization O False Cause Slippery Slope o Weak Analogy O No Fallacy QUESTION 39 I have carefully inspected the back seat of my car and I found no tigers, nor any evidence of tiger droppings. If there were tigers in my back seat, I would have found them. I therefore conclude that there are no tigers in the back seat of my car O Appeal to Unqualified Authority O Appeal to Ignorance O Hasty Generalization O False Cause Slippery Slope Weak Analogy O No Fallacy

Explanation / Answer

1. This case illustrates the logical fallacy of slippery slope.

2. This case illustrates the logical fallacy of hasty generalisation.

3. This case uses no logical fallacy.

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