It is important to distinguish necessary conditions (required for the consequent
ID: 3469765 • Letter: I
Question
It is important to distinguish necessary conditions (required for the consequent to happen) from sufficient conditions (enough for the consequent to happen). Pregnancy is required for delivery of a healthy baby, but not sufficient. Why not? There are many things that can go wrong during pregnancy. If (Pregnant), then (deliver healthy baby). Pregnancy is a necessary condition, but not sufficient to deliver a healthy infant: there are other necessary conditions. Notice: The definition of necessary can change as technology changes: at some point it may not be necessary to deliver a heathy infant by way of pregnancy. 'Test tube babies' still require a womb to develop, but in the future that may not always be the case. At the point that an alternative way to gestate a fetus to term exists, pregnancy would become a sufficient, but not necessary condition. Why? because an alternative would exist. Use the reasons given in the examples (above) to decide whether the antecedent condition in each case is necessary, sufficient, necessary and sufficient, or neither. Assume the antecedent is true.
For each of the following, assume statements are true, then decide whether the antecedent condition is necessary, sufficient, neither necessary nor sufficient or both necessary and sufficient (in its relation to the stated consequence):
1. (The University can avoid a tuition increase), if (the Legislature provides enough money to cover expenses). [if (L), then (U)]
2. Placebos are often a __________________________ to produce an effect.
3. Placebos are never a _________________ for producing a given effect.
4. Believing a placebo will increase your pain: increases your pain. Believing the same pill will decrease your pain: decreases your pain. Placebo is a ______________ to increase or decrease pain.
5. People can become addicted to a placebo: our mind creates the effect. And so, believing is often a _________________ for producing an expected effect.
Explanation / Answer
1. Anticident condition sufficient.Because legislative provide enough money for expense so univesity should decrease tution fees .
2. Placebo are often necessary to produce an effect.
3. Placebo are never a sufficient for producing given effect.
4. Placebo is niether necessary nor sufficient to increase or decrease pain.
5.Believing is often a necessary for producing an expected effect.
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