Consider the following scenario: 2 inhibitory pre-synaptic neurons, and one exci

Question

Consider the following scenario: 2 inhibitory pre-synaptic neurons, and one excitatory pre-synaptic neuron all converge on a single post-synaptic neuron. The stimuli are -15mV, -25mV, and +30mV, respectively. Explain the consequential temporal AND spatial summation effect, if the sequence of neuronal actions is -15mV and +30mV firing first simultaneously, while the third neuronal action of -25mV is delayed by 2ms, resulting in a 10% overall reduction in stimulus effectiveness. What is the total resulting effect on the post-synaptic neuron relative to its' ability to generate Action Potential, if 3 presynaptic neurons provide constant stimulation to a post-synaptic neuron in question in a same above described sequence.
Consider the following scenario: 2 inhibitory pre-synaptic neurons, and one excitatory pre-synaptic neuron all converge on a single post-synaptic neuron. The stimuli are -15mV, -25mV, and +30mV, respectively. Explain the consequential temporal AND spatial summation effect, if the sequence of neuronal actions is -15mV and +30mV firing first simultaneously, while the third neuronal action of -25mV is delayed by 2ms, resulting in a 10% overall reduction in stimulus effectiveness. What is the total resulting effect on the post-synaptic neuron relative to its' ability to generate Action Potential, if 3 presynaptic neurons provide constant stimulation to a post-synaptic neuron in question in a same above described sequence.
Consider the following scenario: 2 inhibitory pre-synaptic neurons, and one excitatory pre-synaptic neuron all converge on a single post-synaptic neuron. The stimuli are -15mV, -25mV, and +30mV, respectively. Explain the consequential temporal AND spatial summation effect, if the sequence of neuronal actions is -15mV and +30mV firing first simultaneously, while the third neuronal action of -25mV is delayed by 2ms, resulting in a 10% overall reduction in stimulus effectiveness. What is the total resulting effect on the post-synaptic neuron relative to its' ability to generate Action Potential, if 3 presynaptic neurons provide constant stimulation to a post-synaptic neuron in question in a same above described sequence.

Explanation / Answer

Neurotransmission (Latin: transmissio "passage, crossing" from transmittere "send, let through"), also called synaptic transmission, is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and activate the receptors of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron). Neurotransmission is essential for the process of communication between two neurons. Synaptic transmission relies on: the availability of the neurotransmitter; the release of the neurotransmitter by exocytosis; the binding of the postsynaptic receptor by the neurotransmitter; the functional response of the postsynaptic cell; and the subsequent removal or deactivation of the neurotransmitter.

In response to a threshold action potential or graded electrical potential, a neurotransmitter is released at the presynaptic terminal. The released neurotransmitter may then move across the synapse to be detected by and bind with receptors in the postsynaptic neuron. Binding of neurotransmitters may influence the postsynaptic neuron in either an inhibitory or excitatory way. The binding of neurotransmitters to receptors in the postsynaptic neuron can trigger either short term changes, such as changes in the membrane potential called postsynaptic potentials, or longer term changes by the activation of signaling cascades.

Neurons form elaborate networks through which nerve impulses (action potentials) travel. Each neuron has as many as 15,000 connections with other neurons. Neurons do not touch each other (except in the case of an electrical synapse through a gap junction); instead, neurons interact at close contact points called synapses. A neuron transports its information by way of an action potential. When the nerve impulse arrives at the synapse, it may cause the release of neurotransmitters, which influence another (postsynaptic) neuron. The postsynaptic neuron may receive inputs from many additional neurons, both excitatory and inhibitory. The excitatory and inhibitory influences are summed, and if the net effect is inhibitory, the neuron will be less likely to "fire" (i.e., generate an action potential), and if the net effect is excitatory, the neuron will be more likely to fire. How likely a neuron is to fire depends on how far its membrane potential is from the threshold potential, the voltage at which an action potential is triggered because enough voltage-dependent sodium channels are activated so that the net inward sodium current exceeds all outward currents.[1] Excitatory inputs bring a neuron closer to threshold, while inhibitory inputs bring the neuron farther from threshold. An action potential is an "all-or-none" event; neurons whose membranes have not reached threshold will not fire, while those that do must fire. Once the action potential is initiated (traditionally at the axon hillock), it will propagate along the axon, leading to release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic bouton to pass along information to yet another adjacent neuron.Now, for why nerve impulse is consistent through the neuron i.e. why it does not decrease during its course through axon. This is because of equal charge throughout the length of axon. Resting potential is -70mV throughout the axon, and action potential is +30mV at any point in the axon, due to which no charge is dissipated and the nerve impulse remains consistent. For detail about it, refer to the all or none law of nerve impulse which states:

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