Chapter 5: Integument A. What is the structure of skin? List the two layers of s

Question

Chapter 5: Integument A. What is the structure of skin? List the two layers of skin and briefly describe subcutaneous tissue B. Epidermis Name the tissue type composing the epidermis, List its major layers and describe the functions of each layer. C. Dermis Name the tissue types composing the dermis. List its major layers and describe the functions of each layer D. What causes skin color? . Describe the factors that normally contribute to skin color. . Briefly describe how changes in skin color may be used as clinical signs of certain discase states. E. Hair List the parts of a hair follicle and explain the function of each part. Also describe the functional relationship of arrector pili muscles to the hair follicles. Name the regions of a hair and explain the basis of hair color. Describe the distri- bution, growth, replacement, and changing nature of hair during the life span. F. Nails . Describe the structure of nails G. Sweat and sebaceous glands Compare the structure and locations of sweat and oil glands. Also compare the composition and functions of their secretions. Compare and contrast eccrine and apocrine glands. . H. What are the functions of the skin? Describe how the skin accomplishes at least five different functions. . I What happens when things go wrong? Summarize the characteristics of the three major types of skin cancers Explain why serious burns are life threatening. Describe how to determine the ex- tent of a burn and differentiate first-, second-, and third-degree burns. J. Know conditions of the skin: Epidermolysis Bullosa

Explanation / Answer

A. Skin is divided into two layers - epidermis and dermis.

Dermis consists of many exocrine glands like sweat gland,ceruminous glands etc.

The subcutaneous tissue is not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis . Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscleas well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and elastin. The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes (subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of body fat). Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body.

B.Epidermis is made from epithelial tissue.The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium.

In order from the deepest layer of the epidermis to the most superficial, epidermis is further subdivided into following layers;

C. The dermis is composed of a papillary layer and a reticular layer. The reticular layer of the dermis is made up of dense irregular connective tissue. The hypodermis is a layer of loose connective tissue.

D. Skin color is determined by-

a)Melanin is produced within the skin in cells called melanocytes and it is the main determinant of the skin color of darker-skinned humans. The skin color of people with light skin is determined mainly by the bluish-white connective tissue under the dermis and by the hemoglobin circulating in the veins of the dermis.

b) Carotene-yellow to orange pigment, most obvious in the palms and soles of the feet
(c) Hemoglobin-reddish pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of the skin.

Changes in skin coloration determines various disorders like albinism where there is no melanin and hyperpigmentation where there is more melanin produced in the body.

E.The hair follicle can be divided into 3 regions: the lower segment (bulb and suprabulb), the middle segment (isthmus), and the upper segment (infundibulum). The lower segment extends from the base of the follicle to the insertion of the erector pili muscle also known as the arrector pili muscle.

The rate of hair growth varies from one body region to another and with sex and age.
After age 40 hair is not replaced as quickly as it is lost, which leads to hair thinning and some degree of balding, or alopecia, in both sexes
Male pattern baldness, which is a type of true, or frank, balding, is a genetically determined, sex-influenced condition.

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