3. A woman’s right acillary lymph nodes were removed during a mastectomy. The op
ID: 3476101 • Letter: 3
Question
3. A woman’s right acillary lymph nodes were removed during a mastectomy. The operation was succesful, but over the next 5 years, she developed significant edema in her right arm, forearm, and hand. Explain why?4. Explain why the actions of the thymus demonstrate a close functional connection between the lymphatic system and the endocrine system.
5. Explain the difference between the cell-mediated immune response and the humoral immune response.
3. A woman's right axillary lymph nodes were removed during a mastectomy. The operation was successful, but over the next 5 years, she developed significant edema in her right arm, forearm, and hand. Explain why. 4. Explain why the actions of the thymus demonstrate a close functional connection between the lymphatic system and the endocrine system. 5. Explain the difference between the cell-mediated immune response and the humoral immune response.
Explanation / Answer
3. This is a common case of lymphedema following mastectomy. The lymph nodes draining the lymphatic vessels of her right limb were removed and this compromised lymphatic circulation. The reduced lymphatic drainage resulted in progressive accumulation of lymph and causing lymphedema.
4. Lymph flows through the thymus, as long as it is active, and immature lymphocytes mature into T-cells in the presence of a hormone, thymosin, which is produced by the thymus itself. Thus, thymus acts both like a lymph gland and an endocrine gland, demonstrating a close functional connection between the two systems.
5. Cell-mediated immune response employs whole cells (T lymphocytes, NK cells, etc.) to kill large pathogens and such host cells which harbor viruses, cancers, intracellular parasites, etc. Humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response uses protein molecules (antibodies, complement, antimicrobial peptides, etc.) to neutralize circulating antigens.
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