Tenzin, a 35-year-old female, is 5 feet, 8 inches and weighs 250 pounds. She wor
ID: 3479368 • Letter: T
Question
Tenzin, a 35-year-old female, is 5 feet, 8 inches and weighs 250 pounds. She works, goes to school, and has a 6-month-old baby. She has very little time to cook meals at home or to exercise.
Tenzin’s mother had gestational diabetes when she was pregnant with Tenzin, and Tenzin had the same diagnosis with her recent pregnancy. Because of this, Tenzin is being monitored for the development of diabetes.
To help us understand Tenzin’s diagnosis, let’s review blood glucose regulation.
Compare and contrast the pathways for glucose regulation by insulin and glucagon.
decrease 1. In the absorptive state, blood glucose levels increase insulin glucagon alpha 2. This stimulates the secretion of the hormone 3. This hormone is secreted from the cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas 4. This hormone signals a(n) in glycogen synthesis beta 5. This hormone signals a(n) in glycogenolysis 6. This hormone signals a(n) in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis 7. This hormone signals a(n) in lipolysis 8. This hormone signals a(n) in gluconeogenesis 9. These actions result in a(n) in blood glucose levels 10. These actions result in a(n) in further secretion of this hormone 11. In the postabsorptive state, blood glucose level:s 12. This stimulates the secretion of the hormone 13. This hormone is secreted from the cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas 14. This hormone signals a(n) in glycogen synthesis 15. This hormone signals a(n) in glycogenolysis 16. This hormone signals a(n) in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis 17. This hormone signals a(n) in lipolysis 18. This hormone signals a(n) in gluconeogenesis 19. These actions result in a(n) in blood glucose levels 20. These actions result in a(n) in further secretion of this hormoneExplanation / Answer
1. During absorptive state, carbohydrates are broken down to simple sugar by hydrolases in the small intestine and are imported into intestinal enterocytes via the sodium pump. As a result, blood glucose levels increase.
2. This stimulates the secretion of insulin hormone.
Insulin is released by the beta islet cells of the pancreas. It directs organs and tissues how to utilize the sugars during absorptive state.
3. The hormone is secreted by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
4. The hormone signals an increase in glycogen synthesis.
Insulin activates the enzyme hexokinase, to phosphorylate glucose, thereby trapping it within the cell.
5. The hormone signals a decrease in glycogenolysis.
Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose -6-phosphate and glycogen (n-1) by glycogen phosphorylase. Glucagon stimulates this process while insulin decreases glycogenolysis.
6. The hormone signals an increase in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis.
In adipose tissue, insulin directs adipocytes to convert fatty acids and glycerol to triglyceride synthesis by lipogenesis by enhancing activity of lipoprotein lipase.
7. The hormone signals a decrease in lipolysis.
Insulin favors storage of fat by adipose tissue. Hence, it will oppose lipolysis.
8. The hormone signals a decrease in gluconeogenesis.
Insulin inhibits glucagon, a known stimulator of gluconeogenesis
9. These actions result in a decrease in glucose levels.
Insulin causes the liver to store glucose as glycogen. Hence, it will reduce glucose levels.
10. These actions result in a decrease in further stimulation of this hormone.
Insulin secretion decreases when blood glucose levels are low.
11. In the preabsorptive state, blood glucose levels decrease.
In preabsorptive state, the enterocytes stop providing glucose in hepatic circulation. Hence, blood glucose levels reduce.
12. This stimulates the secretion of glucagon hormone.
13. The hormone is secreted by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
14. The hormone signals a decrease in glycogen synthesis
Glucagon converts stored glycogen into glucose.
15. The hormone signals an increase in glycogenolysis.
Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose -6-phosphate and glycogen (n-1) by glycogen phosphorylase. Glucagon stimulates this process.
16. The hormone signals a decrease in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis.
In adipose tissue, glucagon will direct adipocytes to break down triglyceride by lipolysis.
17. The hormone signals an increase in lipolysis.
18. The hormone signals an increase in gluconeogenesis.
Gluconeogenesis form glucose from amino acids. Glucagon promotes amino acid breakdown.
19. These actions result in an increase in glucose levels.
20. These actions result in a decrease in further stimulation of this hormone.
Glucagon secretion decreases when blood glucose levels are high.
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