Clinical Conditions associated with Produced by What Gland/Organ? HORMONE Hypers

Question

Clinical Conditions associated with Produced by What Gland/Organ? HORMONE Hypersecretion Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin (OT) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyroid hormone (T3, T4) Calcitonin Follicle Stimulating Hormomne (FSH) Growth Hormone (GH) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Failure to reach homeostatic level of blood calcium when there is deficient dietary intake may impair Parathyroid gland in-osteoporosis, possible bone and release of neurotransmiter at the Demineralization of bone may result tooth deformity and bone fracturesrelease of synapse, muscle cramp; stones in the urinary tract Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine (adrenalin) Thymosin

Explanation / Answer

Hormone

Produced by what gland/hormone

Clinical features associated with Hypersecretion

Clinical features associated with Hypersecretion

Anti diuretic hormone (ADH)

ADH is secreted by posterior pituitary

Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion results from inappropriate continuous excessive release of ADH. As a result, there is excessive water in the body. The concentration of sodium will reduce due to excessive water casuing hyponatremia. Early symptoms include cramping, nausea and vomiting. Severe symptoms include confusion, seizures, and coma. Pathologic changes in hypothalamus or pituitary, pituitary tumors, brain stroke, dehydration, cancers and infection can increase ADH levels.

Primary Polydypsia or excessive drinking of water, caused by increased urine output. The blood pressure may fall. There is low osmolarity in blood. A rare disorder of water metabolism known as central diabetes insipidus may result in certain cases. Low serum osmolarity or drinking excess water can cause low ADH levels.

Oxytocin (OT)

OT is produced by hypothalamus and released by pituitary gland into blood stream.

High OT levels trigger oversensitivity to emotions of others. High OT in women cause gaps in social relationships and negative interactions with their partners. It is involved in maternal care, bonding between couples, sexual behavior, social memory, and trust. Oxytocin levels increase with abnormal high food intake, and emotional behavior

Men with low OT levels may develop benign prostatic hyperplasia, causing urinary problems. Milk let down reflex is seen in women that makes it difficult to breastfeed. Low OT may lead to depression. Chronic stress and PTSD trigger low OT levels.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Pituitary gland

Hypothyroidism. Hashimoto’s Hyperthroiditis (thyroid gland inflammation), radiation therapy or radiation iodine treatment can cause hypothryrodism. Dry skin, increase in weight, fatigue, constipation and fatigue may result. High levels of TSH is a result of low iodine and low amount of thyroxine.

Hyperthyroidism.

Weight loss, weakness, sleeping disorder, and irregular heartbeat are symptoms of hyperthyroidism. toxic goitre. This condition can lead to thyroid cancers. There is inflammation of the thyroid. Iodine deficiency or Graves disease causes it.

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4

Produced by follicular cells of thyroid gland.

Hyperthyrodism causes anxiety, moodiness, sensitivity to high temperature, trembling of hands, nervousness, hair loss, and missed or light menstrual cycles. Low TSH will elevate T3 and T4.

Hypothyrodism.

It causes fatigue, dry skin, trouble sleeping, depression, joint and muscle pain and frequent heavy periods. High TSH will reduce T3 and T4 levels.

Calcitonin

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.

Hypercalcitonemia.

High levels of calclitonin are seen in C cell hyperplasia or medullary thyroid cancer or chronic renal failure. Calcitonin controls calcium and phosphate levels. It reduces calcium levels in bone and inhibits osteoclasts, bone cells involved in bone breakdown. High calcium levels increase Calcitonin levels. Decreased somatostatin increases Calcitonin

Hypoclacitonemia.

There are no effects of low Calcitonin levels in humans. It may act as a marker for tumor reduction. Low calcium levels decrease Calcitonin levels. Increased somatostatin decreases Calcitonin

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Pituitary gland

Menopause is a cause of high FSH. Premature menopause, premature ovarian failure, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and pituitary tumor may result from high FSH. Birth rate may reduce due to high FSH.

Oligomenorrohea or amenorrohea can occur in women with low FSH. In men, low FSH can cause infertility or erectile dysfunction due to compression of gonadotroph cells.

Growth hormone (GH)

Somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland

Gigantism:

It causes enlarged hands and feet, coarse facial features and growth of “skin tags”.

Adenoma of pituitary gland, diabetes , kidney disease, or starvation can cause gigantism.

Growth Hormone deficiency or Dwarfism:

Children grow less than 2 inches per year until puberty after which they grown 4 inches per year. There is delayed puberty, fat on face and stomach in children. Baldness, anxiety, decreased sexual interest, fatigue, elevated trigylcerides, insulin resistance are some effects of low GH.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid gland

Hyperparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism

Insulin

Beta cells of the islets of pancreas

Hypoglycemia: It occurs due to low blood glucose levels. There is block of gluconeogenesis and increased storage of glucose in liver and muscle. Symptoms are fatigue, headache, confusion, slurred speech, nausea, dizziness, and personality changes.

Hyperglycemia and Type 1 Diabetes mellitus: Symptoms are frequent urination, weight loss, increased hunger, and thirst. It may be caused by autoimmune destruction of islet cells or environmental conditions.

Glucagon

Alpha cells of the islets of pancreas

Hyperglucogonemia: High glucagon levels will release glucose from glycogen. High glucose levels will stimulate secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia. Absence or deficiency of feedback inhibition of insulin on glucagon production can lead to high glucagon levels. Malignant glucogonomas can cause high glucagon levels.

Hypoglucogonemia:

Low blood sugar is an indicator of low glucagon levels. High insulin levels may result in low levels of blood sugar.

Epinephrine (adrenalin)

Adrenal glands and some neurons

Elevated levels of epinephrine cause hyperactivity, ADHD, anxiety, sleep issues, and low adrenal function. Stress induces high adrenalin levels.

Phaeochromocytoma, a rare adrenal tumor can elevate adrenalin levels. However, elevation in adrenaline levels is rare.

Low levels of adrenaline can cause anxiety, panic attacks, obesity, and anorexia. It is caused by long-term overstimulation of adrenal gland.

Thymosin

Thymus

High thymosin levels are involved in casuing rheumatoid arthritis by increasing bone degradation and inflammation. High thymosin levels are seen in cerebrospinal fluid in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Thymosin is involved in production of T cells. Low levels result in depressed immunity and increased susceptibility to infection. Thymosin regulates immune function.

Hormone

Produced by what gland/hormone

Clinical features associated with Hypersecretion

Clinical features associated with Hypersecretion

Anti diuretic hormone (ADH)

ADH is secreted by posterior pituitary

Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion results from inappropriate continuous excessive release of ADH. As a result, there is excessive water in the body. The concentration of sodium will reduce due to excessive water casuing hyponatremia. Early symptoms include cramping, nausea and vomiting. Severe symptoms include confusion, seizures, and coma. Pathologic changes in hypothalamus or pituitary, pituitary tumors, brain stroke, dehydration, cancers and infection can increase ADH levels.

Primary Polydypsia or excessive drinking of water, caused by increased urine output. The blood pressure may fall. There is low osmolarity in blood. A rare disorder of water metabolism known as central diabetes insipidus may result in certain cases. Low serum osmolarity or drinking excess water can cause low ADH levels.

Oxytocin (OT)

OT is produced by hypothalamus and released by pituitary gland into blood stream.

High OT levels trigger oversensitivity to emotions of others. High OT in women cause gaps in social relationships and negative interactions with their partners. It is involved in maternal care, bonding between couples, sexual behavior, social memory, and trust. Oxytocin levels increase with abnormal high food intake, and emotional behavior

Men with low OT levels may develop benign prostatic hyperplasia, causing urinary problems. Milk let down reflex is seen in women that makes it difficult to breastfeed. Low OT may lead to depression. Chronic stress and PTSD trigger low OT levels.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Pituitary gland

Hypothyroidism. Hashimoto’s Hyperthroiditis (thyroid gland inflammation), radiation therapy or radiation iodine treatment can cause hypothryrodism. Dry skin, increase in weight, fatigue, constipation and fatigue may result. High levels of TSH is a result of low iodine and low amount of thyroxine.

Hyperthyroidism.

Weight loss, weakness, sleeping disorder, and irregular heartbeat are symptoms of hyperthyroidism. toxic goitre. This condition can lead to thyroid cancers. There is inflammation of the thyroid. Iodine deficiency or Graves disease causes it.

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4

Produced by follicular cells of thyroid gland.

Hyperthyrodism causes anxiety, moodiness, sensitivity to high temperature, trembling of hands, nervousness, hair loss, and missed or light menstrual cycles. Low TSH will elevate T3 and T4.

Hypothyrodism.

It causes fatigue, dry skin, trouble sleeping, depression, joint and muscle pain and frequent heavy periods. High TSH will reduce T3 and T4 levels.

Calcitonin

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.

Hypercalcitonemia.

High levels of calclitonin are seen in C cell hyperplasia or medullary thyroid cancer or chronic renal failure. Calcitonin controls calcium and phosphate levels. It reduces calcium levels in bone and inhibits osteoclasts, bone cells involved in bone breakdown. High calcium levels increase Calcitonin levels. Decreased somatostatin increases Calcitonin

Hypoclacitonemia.

There are no effects of low Calcitonin levels in humans. It may act as a marker for tumor reduction. Low calcium levels decrease Calcitonin levels. Increased somatostatin decreases Calcitonin

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Pituitary gland

Menopause is a cause of high FSH. Premature menopause, premature ovarian failure, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and pituitary tumor may result from high FSH. Birth rate may reduce due to high FSH.

Oligomenorrohea or amenorrohea can occur in women with low FSH. In men, low FSH can cause infertility or erectile dysfunction due to compression of gonadotroph cells.

Growth hormone (GH)

Somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland

Gigantism:

It causes enlarged hands and feet, coarse facial features and growth of “skin tags”.

Adenoma of pituitary gland, diabetes , kidney disease, or starvation can cause gigantism.

Growth Hormone deficiency or Dwarfism:

Children grow less than 2 inches per year until puberty after which they grown 4 inches per year. There is delayed puberty, fat on face and stomach in children. Baldness, anxiety, decreased sexual interest, fatigue, elevated trigylcerides, insulin resistance are some effects of low GH.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid gland

Hyperparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism

Insulin

Beta cells of the islets of pancreas

Hypoglycemia: It occurs due to low blood glucose levels. There is block of gluconeogenesis and increased storage of glucose in liver and muscle. Symptoms are fatigue, headache, confusion, slurred speech, nausea, dizziness, and personality changes.

Hyperglycemia and Type 1 Diabetes mellitus: Symptoms are frequent urination, weight loss, increased hunger, and thirst. It may be caused by autoimmune destruction of islet cells or environmental conditions.

Glucagon

Alpha cells of the islets of pancreas

Hyperglucogonemia: High glucagon levels will release glucose from glycogen. High glucose levels will stimulate secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia. Absence or deficiency of feedback inhibition of insulin on glucagon production can lead to high glucagon levels. Malignant glucogonomas can cause high glucagon levels.

Hypoglucogonemia:

Low blood sugar is an indicator of low glucagon levels. High insulin levels may result in low levels of blood sugar.

Epinephrine (adrenalin)

Adrenal glands and some neurons

Elevated levels of epinephrine cause hyperactivity, ADHD, anxiety, sleep issues, and low adrenal function. Stress induces high adrenalin levels.

Phaeochromocytoma, a rare adrenal tumor can elevate adrenalin levels. However, elevation in adrenaline levels is rare.

Low levels of adrenaline can cause anxiety, panic attacks, obesity, and anorexia. It is caused by long-term overstimulation of adrenal gland.

Thymosin

Thymus

High thymosin levels are involved in casuing rheumatoid arthritis by increasing bone degradation and inflammation. High thymosin levels are seen in cerebrospinal fluid in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Thymosin is involved in production of T cells. Low levels result in depressed immunity and increased susceptibility to infection. Thymosin regulates immune function.

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