3. Electrolyte balancing occurs in the ??? through the ??? (action) of 20-25% ea

Question

3. Electrolyte balancing occurs in the ??? through the ??? (action) of 20-25% each of ??? (substance, descending limb) and ??? (substance, ascending limb) due to the magic of diffusion and osmosis. At the same time, some ??? (action) of ??? (substance) occurs.

Upshot: because of this balancing, a healthy individual's urine should have a normal specific gravity, with no excess of either ???.

Diagnosis: if a patient has high specific-gravity urine (low water content / high salt content), it is because their body was "soaking up" all the water it could get from the filtrate but not taking in electrolytes at the same rate. This is a sign of ???.

Word Bank: PCT; filtration; urea; DCT; calcium; water or elecrolytes; dehydration;

The last part of the nephron that our fluid flows through is the ???. Here, the theme is control:

- selective ??? (action) of Ca+2 is controlled by ???;

- selective ??? of K+ and ??? of Na+ is controlled by ???;

- selective ??? of H+ and ??? of HCO3- occurs if ??? is too low (and vice-versa if it is too high);

- selective ??? of water (not following sodium) is controlled by ???;

One upshot: most people have heard that dietary factors can lead to high blood pressure, but what about low blood pressure? Your kidneys work hard to fight hypotension by reabsorbing ??? under hormonal control.

Diagnosis: people with asthma or other obstructive pulmonary disorders have trouble breathing out enough CO2 to balance the body's pH, leading to respiratory acidosis. Since they rely on their kidneys to remove the excess acid from their blood, their urine would show ???.

Word Bank: DCT; PTH; ADH; reabsorption; secretion; glucose

Explanation / Answer

3. Electrolyte balancing occurs in the kidney through the filtration of 20-25% each of urea in PST and calcium in DST due to the magic of diffusion and osmosis. At the same time, some filtration of calcium occurs.

Upshot: because of this balancing, a healthy individual's urine should have a normal specific gravity, with no excess of either water or electrolytes.

Diagnosis: if a patient has high specific-gravity urine (low water content / high salt content), it is because their body was "soaking up" all the water it could get from the filtrate but not taking in electrolytes at the same rate. This is a sign of dehydration.

One upshot: most people have heard that dietary factors can lead to high blood pressure, but what about low blood pressure? Your kidneys work hard to fight hypotension by reabsorbing glucose under hormonal control.

Diagnosis: people with asthma or other obstructive pulmonary disorders have trouble breathing out enough CO2 to balance the body's pH, leading to respiratory acidosis. Since they rely on their kidneys to remove the excess acid from their blood, their urine would show ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone).

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