u. Ihcreased osmotic pressure 33. Changes in electrolyte concentrations in our b
ID: 3483301 • Letter: U
Question
u. Ihcreased osmotic pressure 33. Changes in electrolyte concentrations in our blood are actually detected as a. Urine sodium levels b. Osmotic pressure c. pH d. blood pressure 34. Which of the following lists the vessels in the correct order of blood flow in the kidney nephron a. Efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries b. Peritubular capillaries, efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole, c. Afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries d. Efferent arteriole, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, peritubular capillaries 35. The endocrine role of the kidney is to produce a. Rennin in response to a drop in blood pressure or blood flow b. Aldosterone in response to hypertension c. ADH in response to increased glomerular filtration d. Angiotensin in response to hypotension 36. As the level of sodium in the blood increases from renal tubular reabsorption More potassium is excreted in the urine a. b. More sodium is excreted in the urine c. The blood pressure will drop d. Glomerular filtration will stop Pe. s pg. 5Explanation / Answer
33. Changes in electrolyte concentrations are actually detected as changes in c. pH
Electrolytes are responsible for maintaining Homeostasis(Homeo= same and stasis=standing) in the body which is essential for fluid balance, acid-base balance, oxygen transport, normal cardio-vascular function.
All body fluids have definite pH values which is always maintained within narrow limits for the cells to funtion properly. For example
Blood pH: 7.4-7.5, Gall bladder bile: 7.5-8.2
Saliva: 6.4-7.4 Pancreatic juice:7.5-8.2
Duodenal fluid: 5.5 -7.5 Gastric juice: 5.5-7.7
Metabolic processes leads to production of acidic substances like carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and alkali substances like bicarbonate ions from salts of organic acids like citrates and lactates.
Regulatory mechanisms like i. Buffers of body fluids ii. Respiratory mechanism iii. Renal regulation helps to maintain the pH equilibrium.
Hence any changes in the electrolyte concentrations in our blood is detected by changes in pH which is also evident from the following table:
As we can see the pH changes in various conditions, it wil be a determinant factor if electrolyte concentration changes.
Why not other options?
Urine sodium levels are a function of serum osmolarity, glomerular filteration rate and extracellular fluid volume and it rapidly changes. It cannot be directly correlated to changes in elecrolyte concentrations eventhough sodium ions are major extracellular ions.
Osmolarity is again dependent upon sodium levels and it cannot be used as detective measure as it is not viable to detect.
Blood pressure is a function of peripheral vasular resistance and cardiac output and cannot be used to measure changes in electrolyte concentration although Blood pressure is affected by electrolyte concentrations
34. The correct of blood flow in nephrons is c. Afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole and peritubular capillaries
Renal blood flow is listed below (ANSWER IS BOLDED) for making conclusion for the above answer:
Abdominal aorta----> Renal Artery------> Segmental artery------> Interlobar artery------> Afferent arteriole-----> Glomerulus-----> Efferent arteriole-------> Vasarecta and peritubular capillaries------> Peritubular vein-----> Interlobular vein------>Arcuate vein------> Interlobar vein-------> Segmental vein------>Renal vein-----> Inferior venacava
35. The endocrine role of the kidney is to produce a. Renin in response to a drop in blood pressure or blood flow.
Kidney produces 3 hormones i.e., Renin, calcitriol and erythropoietin. Among which Renin is peptide with 340 amino acids secreted by juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney. Blood pressure is maintained by renin along with angiotensin. The stimulus for renin secretion include: low blood pressure, low ECF volume, sympathetic stimulation, low plasma sodium
Since Aldosterione is secreted by zona glomerulosa of cortex of adrenal gland, ADH(Antidiuretic hormone) is secreted by posterior pituitary, these two options are not true. Although angiotensin is involved in renin-angiotensin system it does not fall under kidney endocrine role. Hence the answer is option a.
36. As the level of sodium in the blood increases from renal tubular reabsorption b. More sodium is excreted in the urine.
Sodium is reabsorbed by transport from lumen of renal tubules into the tubular epithelial cells, transport from tubular cells into the interstitial fluid and transport from interstitial fluid to the blood. Sodium plays a vital role in electrolyte balance and osmotic pressure, when sodium is more reabsorbed it results in imbalance which leads to more excretion of sodium through urine as a part of renal regulation through homeostasis as desscribed under q.no. 33. Hence option b is correct
When sodium is reabsorbed blood pressure increases and will not drop so option c is wrong, when sodium cncentration is high, osmolarity is high which inturn increases GFR, so option d is also wrong. Potassium is secreted and sodium is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule by sodium potassium pump and option a is also not true
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