Lecture 1 1. Name the three main pathways for ATP resynthesis, explain how they

Question

Lecture 1 1. Name the three main pathways for ATP resynthesis, explain how they differ in terms of their maximal rates of ATP turnover and what kind of activities rely more each one Lecture 2 2. Why can we regenerate ATP so much more quickly using the phosphagen system, followed by glycolysis, followed by mitochondrial respiration? (Hint-think about how long it takes you just to describe each process!) Lecture 3 1. What is the main limitation of using BMI to assess overweight/obesity? Where are carbohydrates stored in our body, in what form? 2. Lecture 4 and 5 How much water does glycogen hold? What significance does this have for people starting weight loss diets? For performance in athletes? What is GLUT4? What 2 mechanisms stimulate its insertion into the muscle cell membrane? Two athletes go for a long run together. One is on a high carbohydrate diet, and the other just decided 3 days ago to start a high fat-low carb diet for a while Describe how their fuel use differs during the run for carb, fat and protein oxidation. Two athletes go for a long run together. One is on a high carbohydrate diet, and the other just decided 3 days ago to start a high fat-low carb diet for a while Describe how their fuel use differs during the run for carb, fat and protein oxidation. Why is it optimal to eat a CHO-rich meal soon after stopping exercise? Explain why from the standpoint 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Explanation / Answer

ATP is synthesized in the cell again and again. Therefore, the phenomenon in which ATP is formed is called as ATP re-synthesis. There are three main pathways of ATP re-synthesis:

1. Anaerobic glycolysis: In this pathway, glucose is converted to pyruvate. During the entire pathway, a net gain of 2 ATP is there (ATP turnover). This pathway occurs in the cytoplasm. It is an anaerobic pathway; it does not require oxygen.

2. Aerobic glycolysis: This pathway requires oxygen. It occurs in the mitochondria. Carbohydrates and fats are broken down into smaller components; these result in formation of ATP. Oxygen acts as an electron acceptor.

Turnover: When one molecule of glucose is broken down aerobically, then 36 ATP is produced.

3. Phosphagen: In this, creatine phosphate is used. ATP is produced at a very rapid rate.

When one creatine phosphate breaks down 1 ATP is produced (turnover).

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