Type your answer to each question directly below the question. This assignment r
ID: 3488596 • Letter: T
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Type your answer to each question directly below the question. This assignment requires Level 1 Writing Guidelines. Please leave references!!!1. Explain the main principles of the theories of personality put forth by each of the following and identify two people associated with each. (8 points) a. Freud and neo-Freudians b. Trait Theory c. Learning Theory d. Humanistic Theory 2. Describe similarities amongst these theories. (3 points) 3. Identify the role of motivation in each theory. (4 points) 4. In your own words, define personality and describe how well you think objective and projective tests measure and describe the elements of personality. In your opinion, is one test or type of test better than another? (5 points) Have you ever heard people say, "You can take the boy out of the country but you cant take the country out of the boy or The apple doesn't fall too far from the tree? Both of these expressions describe how forces outide of us, like where we grow up or our parents infuence, impact how our personalties develop The forces that shape our personalities can be categorized into four broad groups 1. Biology & Evolution 2. Dispositions & Mental processes Social Networks & Culture All of these factors mutualy affect one another to compose our personality Biology and Evolution: We are all geneticaly predinposed to have certain physical characteristics. A tall boy may have an easier time playing basketball than a shorter one. Depending on one's cuilture, a gits singing voicemay be good enough to open doors for her to ban w areputatie voce esach , toacertan extent which we are exposed and me everts we experence inthem Dispositions and Mental Precesses: These appear to be that are inherent (Dispesition aill be dscussed in further detal) Social Networks and Cuture The country in which you are mannerisms. fashion. a diechie. dmatelangage, etc. And within that country, each state or province may df one to another Your cuture affects you in a major way, even what you td t ny For example, you may notice a difference humor when you comp a eseg show to an American game show Upbringing: This group is closely connected to Social Networks& Culhune. Your mother and father's parenting styles are aflected by how they were raised. For were disciplined as a child. Yet, even with all these factors considered, a set of dentical twins who share identical biology, upbringing and social mnetworks can stll have oompletely different personaltes ThS where te nie of dispos ton comes into play The dispositional theores suggest that there is a smal set traits or types) that provide consistency to an indviduals personality over time The following joke ilustrates how our dispositions work There were two twin boys of five or six. Worried that the boys had developed extreme sonaites-on e a total pessimist the other a total pplist-ther then, to a psychiatrist. First the psychiatrist treated the pessmist Tryng to b ennis ou look, the psychiatrist took him to a room piled to the celing with brand-new toys. But instead of yelping with delight the litsie boy burst into sears whats the mater? the psychiarist asked, batied. Dont you want to play with any of the toysYes "the itte bey bawled. "Bu if1did ra ony break them Next the psychiatsist treated the optimist Trying to dampen his outlook, the psychiatrist took him to a room piled to the celing with hose manure. But instead of wnnkling his nose in disgusL the optimistic ittle boy sho tedyeb of deight th psychiatrist had been hoping to hear from his pessimistic broher. Then he clambered to the top of the plle, dropped to his knees, and began gleeflully digging out scoop after scoop with his bare hands. What do you think youthe doing the psychiatrist asked, just as baffled by the optimist as he had been by the pessimist Wih all this The Five-Factor Theory is a generalized term used by personality theorists to Take this auiz and find out where you fail on the continuum of The Five-Factor Theory. Though the physiological makeup of humans is generally the same, our personalities are what make us @ach a ungue ndividual. Our personal are shaped by everything r, the world around. past. presard tAro As a cur personalines are constanty evolving and, pemaps, by undenstanding the world around us, we may beter understand one another
Explanation / Answer
1. A. Sigmund Freud's theory says that personality is formed thorugh conflicts among human mind, ego and superego. He Emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and it is governs to a greater degree than people suspect. Neo freudians are group of psychologists influenced by sigmund freud who extended his theories in social and cultural subjects one of them was Carl Jung. Jung and freud had a close friendship he introduced the concept of collective unconscious. His theory placed a higher emphasis on his concept of collective unconscious rather than the personal. Jung referred to his theory as analytical psychology.
B. Trait Theroy is study of human personality, they are mainly interested in measuring traits such as behaviour, emotion and thoughs.the theory explains that traits are stable but differs from person to person for example some people are outgoing and others are not. Raymond Cattell made significant contribution to personality theroy. he is best known for his 16 common traits that most of our personalities fall under. He explains that personality has to be viewed with much large number of traits in order to get the complete picture of the person. The other significant psychologist was Gordon Allport. He was the founding figures of personality psychology. According to him uniqueness of each individual, importance of persent context are major factors of understanding the personality. Allport's three trais level are cardinal, central and secondary trait. Cardinal refers to shapes and passion in a person such as need for money, central trait such as honesty and secondary such as certain likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know.
C. Learning theroy is study of how knowledge is absorbed retained and processed. Understanding the process and prior experience plays important role in them. Clark Hull explained drive reduction theory in learning. It is a mojor cause of learning and behavior. He based his theroy around the concept of homeostasis, for exaple our body regulates its temperature in order to ensure that we do not become too hot or too cold. Behaviour in same way maintains this balance. B.F.Skinner's idea of learning based on operant conditioning, learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of response to stimuli that occurs in the environment.
D. Humanistic theory is study of the person, his behavior not only through observer but also through the eyes of person doing the behaving. Abraham Maslow founded hierarchy of needs, the fundamental principle is that people are born with certain needs and the fulfillment of which allows us to move forward towards more complex needs. Carl Rogers agreed with maslow but added that for a person to grow they need an environment that provides them with the genuineness acceptance and empathy.
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