28) In the backward conditioning procedure (US - CS), which is the best general

Question

28) In the backward conditioning procedure (US - CS), which is the best general explanation for mixed results obtained? a. Excitatory responding occurs with relatively few pairings of the US-CS, whereas inhibitory b. Inhibitory conditioning occurs with relatively few pairings of the US-CS, whereas excitatory c. The number of pairings is irrelevant to the outcome, as it has more to do with the context in d. The number of trials of US-CS pairings, as well as the context in which we examine behavior 8 conditioning will develop with many more US-CS pairings conditioning will develop with many more US-CS pairings which we examine behavior (e.g., looking at CRs in extinction phase) will affect the CR. 29) If we say that learning when the US occurs in relation to the CS is just as important, if not more important, than the associations that are formed between the CS and US, we are likely explaining: a. Why there is NO best procedure for Pavlovian conditioning b. The Temporal Coding Hypothesis c. Predictions of more than one kind can me made d. None of the above 30) Relative to conditioned excitation, conditioned inhibition employs a CS that is generally a. a signal for the absence of the US b. a safety signal c. a reward signal d. A&B; 31)The Inhibitory Pavlovian Conditioning Paradigm involved all of the following except a. An excitatory CR that is blocked by presentation of a CS- b. An inhibitory CR that is facilitated by presentation of a CS- c. An inhibitory CR that is blocked by presentation of a CS+ d. An excitatory CR that is facilitated by presentation of a CS+

Explanation / Answer

In backward conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is followed by conditioned stimulus. This will create inhibitory effect because the conditioned stimulus here signals end of unconditioned stimulus. Example: Providing piece of cake to dog (unconditioned stimulus) and then making a bell sound. Here, if this is done repeatedly, then the bell sound signals dog that there will be no more cakes to eat causing inhibitory response to conditioned stimulus. Interval between trials influences the response.

Let us consider another example: While driving a car, driver sees caution sign about hairpin bend ahead (conditioned stimulus). The sight of caution sign makes driver aware of hairpin bend ahead and drive slowly (conditioned response). If the caution sign (conditioned stimulus) is presented after the hairpin bend (unconditioned stimulus), then driver may at first think there will be another hairpin bend and be cautious. If there is no such hairpin bend ahead in short interval and this happens repeatedly, then caution sign (conditioned stimulus) will have no effect on driver and only seeing real hairpin bend (unconditioned stimulus) makes driver cautious while driving (unconditioned response). The response also depends on the context like if destination is reached and no need to travel more.

The number of trials of US-CS pairings as well as the context in which we examine behavior will affect the CR. Hence, option (D) is the right answer.

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