Question : Read each abstract and indicate which of the choices offered (descrip

Question

Question: Read each abstract and indicate which of the choices offered (descriptive, correlational, experimental, quasi-experimental or the abstract lacks enough information to determine) best describes the research, then explain why you think your choice is correct)

3. Peer assessment has proven to be a promising assessment form, but there is only limited research about how to decrease the undesirable social effects that are inherent to the process, such as peer pressure and fear of disapproval. In previous research, anonymity has proven to be an important factor in peer assessment in higher education. In the current research, peer assessment was studied in secondary education and classroom response technology (CRT) was introduced as a tool that enables anonymity within face-to-face settings. A study was set up in four classes to compare traditional non-anonymous peer assessment (raising score cards) with anonymous peer assessment (giving scores using CRT). It was questioned whether students felt more positive towards anonymous peer assessment, and reported to feel less negative social effects. Subsequently, the hypothesis that anonymous peer assessment would be a more valid methodology is verified. Finally, teachers' experiences with both peer assessment interventions were studied. Although some concerns were raised about the validity of anonymous peer assessment, it has been found that pupils felt more positive towards peer assessment and experienced less peer pressure and fear of disapproval when scores were given anonymously using CRT. Teachers reported that using CRT was an objective way of assessing but raised some concerns with regard to the control of the teacher, and the classroom characteristics. In this regard, implications for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)

6. Objectives: Evidence supports the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in current practice, and good quality of care is related to adherence to evidence-based guidelines. However, there are no guidelines for the practice of ECT in Nigeria and there is no regulatory body for its standards. The objective of this studytherefore was to examine the practice of ECT between 2001 and 2010 at the Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, regarding consent procedures, staffing, training, indications, and administration with the goal of informing the development of guidelines locally. Methods: Data were extracted from 154 complete ECT treatment records in the register and from the patients’ case files. The data were qualitatively analyzed and described. Results: The mean age of patients who received ECT was 35.5 years and the majority were female. Bilateral electrode placement was invariable for all treatments. The major diagnosis of the patients receiving ECT was schizophrenia, whereas poor response to medication and psychomotor retardation were commonly stated indications. Treatments were largely unmodified during the first 3 years of the review, with a gradual reversal of this pattern in the latter years. The mean number of treatments per patient was 6.6, and only 1 patient received continuation ECT. Conclusions: Although the procedure of ECT in this center is generally similar to what is obtained in many other countries in Asia and Africa, aspects such as that of informed consent require attention. Regular audits of the practice are desirable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)

Explanation / Answer

3. This is a quasi experimental study. This is because a study was set up in four different classes but these were pre-existing classes. In other words, the students were already studying in these classes and were not randomly assigned to them.
6. This is a descriptive study. This because previous treatment records of patients were extracted and were then qualitatively analyzed and described in this study.

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