A) Based on at least 5 features, compare and contrast the characteristics of res

Question

A) Based on at least 5 features, compare and contrast the characteristics of resting membrane potential, action potential and synaptic potential.

Resting Membrane Potential

Action Potential

Synaptic potential

Similarity

Transport processes involved

Voltage

Difference

Stimulus required

Transport proteins involved

Voltage

Ions

Occurrence

Other features

B) What are G-proteins? What role do they play in cell signaling? List the steps in the activation and inactivation of G proteins.

C) Describe the nature of muscarinic Ach receptors and the function of G proteins in the action of these receptors. How does stimulation of these receptors cause the production of a hyperpolarization or a depolarization?

D) Explain how inhibition can be produced by (a) muscarinic Ach receptors in the heart and (b) GABA receptors in neurons in the CNS.

Resting Membrane Potential

Action Potential

Synaptic potential

Similarity

Transport processes involved

Voltage

Difference

Stimulus required

Transport proteins involved

Voltage

Ions

Occurrence

Other features

Explanation / Answer

1. Resting. Action. Synaptic

membrane. Potential. Potential

potential

Differene:

stimulus reqied:RMp needs   Action Potential Synaptic

potassium ions. Needs to open transmission

. Sodium channel. needs neurrotransmiter

2, G protein is a 7 transmembrane famine nucleotide binding proteins.

The main role of G protein in cell signalling is :it mainly activated by GPCR or G protein coupled receptors.and G protein activates a cascade of downregulated signalling events, as a result change of cell functions occur.it acts with GPCR, and control transcription,regulate metabolic enzymes,transporter and ion.

G protein activation and inactivation steps:1. The G protein consist of mainly alpha, vita and gama subunits.it is inactivate or resting state when it's bound with GDP.

2, the receptor with bound with hormone or ligand activates G protein. And replace GDP by GTP. and G protein is activated.And subunits of G protein it's separate.

3. Some second later the GTP Bound to alpha subunits is hydrolysis to GDP. And subunits again recombine.

C.Muscarinic Ach receptors is a type of acetylcholine receptors that mainly form G protein coupled receptors in the cell membrane of some neurons and cells.This are so named because they are more sensitive to muscarine than nicotine.

Muscrine receptors mainly activtes ca ion channel. That create depolarization or hyerpolarization.

D.muscarine ACH receptors mainly present in heart and do parasympathetic effect as a result slow heart rate

GABA or aminobutaric acid is a neurotransmitter that send chemical massage through the brain.the main work of GABA is reduced neurons activity.by the loss of dopamine of certain part of the brain.

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