Can you provide a source for each answer if possible Can you provide a source fo

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Can you provide a source for each answer if possible Can you provide a source for each answer if possible on Energetics and Enzymes (4 points each) to Canvas by midnight on Jan. 20, 2018. Please include the question as a part of your answer. uestions pload 1. Write out a reaction from glycolysis involving oxidation/reduction. What is being oxidized? What is being reduced? 2. Is the reaction you chose in #1 above, an endergonic or exergonic reaction? How can you tell? 3. What are coupled reactions and why is it important physiologically for reactions to be coupled? 4. Following these questions is an outline of glycolysis, the enzymes catalyzing each reaction, and the Gibbs Free energy (AG) for each reaction. In the glycolytic pathway, are there more endergonic or exergonic reactions? Overall, is glycolysis an endgergonic or exergonic pathway Explain your answer. Using glycolysis as an example, pick one enzyme and the reaction it catalyzes to answer the following| 5. What are the substrates of this reaction? b. How does the enzyme involved in this reaction lower the activation energy? c. In step 10 of Blycolysis, which compound has the highest energy? How can you tel? Explain your answer

Explanation / Answer

1.Glycolysis is a redox reaction.It is a 10 step process.The net reaction is-

Glucose+2NAD^+2Pi+2ADP= 2 pyruvate+2 ATP+2NADH+2H2O

Stage 1= (Energy investment phase or priming phase)

glucose converts to fructose-1,6-biphosphate with utilisation of 2 ATP's.

Stage 2= (splitting phase)

ructose-1,6-biphosphate converts into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

Stage 3=(energy generation phase)

glyceradehyde-3-phosphate converts to pyruvate.

In stage 3 is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate gets oxidised into pyruvate.

NAD+ gets reduced to NADH.

2. Glycolysis is a mixture of exergonic and endergonic reaction.some reactions are endergonic while some are exergonic but overall it is an exergonic reaction,because there is decrease in free energy.

3.A reaction where the free energy of thermodynamically favourable transformation eg- hydrolysis of ATP and a thermodynamically unfavourable one,are mechanistically joined into a new reaction is known as coupled reaction.The cell couple so that they use that energy to modify their infrastructure or shape of proteins etc.

4.overall it is an exergonic reaction as i explained.glycolysis is a 10 step process.

Endergonic reactions are first 5 steps.

Exergonic are next 5 steps.

5.(a)The substrate of glycolysis is mainly glucose but can be fructose etc.

(b)now,hexokinase phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.Enzymes speed up this reaction mainly by lowering the activation energy and they do so by forming enzyme-substrate complex.The enzyme holds the substrate in proper orientation for reaction to occur.this binding results due to hydrogen bonds,weak vanderwaal's force,ionic interactions etc.when this binding occurs energy is released which lowers the activation energy.

(c)1,3-biphosphoglycerate is the high energy compound.since conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate involves formation of NADH + H+,generation of 2 NADH occurs.(1 NADH= 3 ATP)

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