Cell-to-Cell Signaling and Metabolic Regulation What are the major differences b

Question

Cell-to-Cell Signaling and Metabolic Regulation

What are the major differences between steroid-type and protein-type hormones? Be able to explain solubility, receptor location, speed of action.

What is the major cellular response to most steroid hormones?

What are some of the major types of cell signal receptors? How do receptors facilitate specific cellular responses? Can a receptor bind to more than one signaling molecule? If so, why or why not?

Be able to follow the basic second messenger pathways involving g-protein coupled receptors (cAMP, IP3 and DAG). What are the typical proteins that are targeted by these pathways? How are these pathways turned on and off?

What are the major hormones that regulate metabolism? How do they work? How do they change cell behaviors? What behaviors do they change?

What is a ligand? An agonist? An antagonist? when we talk about molecules binding to receptors?

Explanation / Answer

Steroid hormones are soluble in lipids and fat while protein hormones are soluble in water. Steroid hormones are located inside the nucles or cytoplasm while protein hormones are located on the surface of the cell. Protein hormones can diffuse through the plasma of blood and show faster action whereas steroid hormones cannot difuse through plasma of blood and should be done by carrier proteins, therefore show delayed action.

Steroid hormones pass though cell membrane of taget cell and binds with specific receptor in cytoplasm. Then travels into nucleus and binds to another receptor on chromatin forming steroid hormone receptor complex. This complex producs mRNA molecues which code for the production of proteins that act on the cels.

The major types of cell signal receptors are autocrine, endocrine and paracrine signaling receptors. Yes a receptor can bind to more than on signaling molecule as they have different ligand sites.

Signal molecule bind to surface receptor and activates G protein. This G protein activate adenyl cyclase which catalyses synthesis of CAMP and binds to target protein and intiates cellular change.

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