19. If someone is eating excessive sugar, another type of lipid monomer can be p

Question

19. If someone is eating excessive sugar, another type of lipid monomer can be produced from the breakdown products of glycolysis. Name the other lipid monomer produced and describe the reactions that occur after glycolysis to produce this monomer 20 Define lipolysis. List three hormones that result in lipolysis. Does the release of these hormones result in a glucose-sparing effect? What about a protein-sparing effect? 27. Describe how excess protein could be used for gluconeogenesis. Be sure to describe the reactions involved and name any important intermediate molecules produced SONY

Explanation / Answer

19) Fatty acids and glycerol are the monomers of lipids. Glycerol is obtained from the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols and enters the glycolytic pathway as dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Odd chain fatty acids are converted to propionyl-CoA, which can then enter through mitochondrial succinyl-CoA. The glucose-6-phosphate so produced can enter glycolysis after the first control point.Conversely, triglycerides can be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol; the latter, in turn, can be converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which can enterglycolysis after the second control point.

20) Lipolysis is the enzymic process by which triacylglycerols are hydrolytically cleaved to generate glycerol and free fatty acids.Activation of lipolysis occurs through hormones : catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, growth hormone and testosterone.

One direct action of the growth hormone is the stimulation of lipolysis and release into the blood by adipocytes. This results in a switch by most tissues from utilizing glucose as an energy source to utilizing fatty acids. This process is called a glucose-sparing effect.

Protein sparing is the process by which the body derives energy from sources other than protein. Such sources can include fatty tissues, dietary fats and carbohydrates.

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