accompanying decrease in blood pressure and a feeling of light-headedness. The k
ID: 3516083 • Letter: A
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accompanying decrease in blood pressure and a feeling of light-headedness. The kidneys respond by reducing urinary volume flow, thus limiting the potential extent of hypovolemia. Increases in the plasma levels of which of the following hormones willbring about the most dramatic decrease in urinary flow rate?(o.5 point) . A 21-year-old man has been vomiting to the point where he has become hypovolemic, as evidenced by an a. Angiotensin I b. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) c. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) d. Aldosterone Arginine vasopressin (ADH) A 56-year-old woman diagnosed with small-cell carcinoma of the lung. She has a paraneoplastic effect from the cancer, with release of the ADH-like agent. Which of the following is most likely to seen? (0.5 point) 4. a. Elevated serum sodium b. Elevated serum osmolality c) Elevated urine sodium Elevated urine catecholamine e. Elevated urine output A 27-year-old patient presents at her obstetrician's office for her first prenatal visit at 26 weeks gestation. She has no medical history and has had an uncomplicated pregnancy. Her examination is normal other than glycosuria noted on the urine dipstick. A 1-hour glucose challenge test performed along with her other prenatal laboratories, and they are all normal. The obstetrician diagnoses the glycosuria as a normal physiologic response to the increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of pregnancy 5. a. Describe how glucose is reabsorbed. (1 point) b. Describe wht is happening at the nephron in order for glucose to appear in the nephron. (1 point) 6. A student under stress has been feeling light-headed, especially after standing, and has developed a brisk diuresis. He has the smell of acetone on his brea ketoacidosis, which accompanied by extreme hypovolemia, su is a consequence of which of the following? (0.5 point) ath. Upon admission to the emergency room, he diagnosed with diabetic because of brisk diuresis. The brisk diuresis High levels of glucose in the tubular fluid/urine b. Increased GFR c. Suppression of ADH d. Suppression of Aldosterone secretion e. Decreased angiotensin Il plasma levels If an individual become hypovolemic, such as during periods of diarrhea or excessive sweating, plasma ADH levels elevated rapidly and urine volume decreased (antidiuretic). This effect of ADH on water excretion predominantly occurs in the collecting ducts by ADH-induced activation/inhibition of which of the following steps/processes? (0.5 point) 7.Explanation / Answer
3) In severe cases of hypovolemia, the kidneys respond by secreting large quantities of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH acts on the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct of the nephron to cause maximum reabsorption of water. So, the answer for this question is option e (Arginine vasopressin) ADH.
4) Along with reabsorption of water, ADH also result in natriuresis. So, the answer for this question is option c (elevated urine sodium).
5) a) About 90% of the glucose filtered at the glomerulus is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule with the help of 2sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) transporter. The remaining 10% of the filtered glucose is reabsorbed by SGLT1 transporter present in the descending proximal tubule.
b) About 180g of glucose filtered by the glomerulus is absorbed. This is the renal threshold for glucose. When the filtered glucose becomes more than 180g, small amount of glucose appears in urine. This is called as renal glucosuria.
6) The presence of elevated levels of glucose will cause osmotic diuresis which can lead to extreme hypovolemia. So, the answer for this question is option a (high levels of glucose in the tubular fluid)
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