ormat Tools Add-ons Help All ch es saved in Drive TOPIC: Non-specific Defense Me
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ormat Tools Add-ons Help All ch es saved in Drive TOPIC: Non-specific Defense Mechanisms For each of the mechne 13piete sentences to describe the structures invoved and to explain how each non-specific defense mechanism accomplishes its job. Fever Complement system .Inflammation TOPIC: Sepsis is a common cause of Death A. Describe the disease of sepsis in 3-4 sentences B. Which populations of people are at the highest risk for developing sepsis and why? C. Describe how sepsis arises in a patient and how it is treated. D. In those patients who die from sepsis, explain why HOW sepsis leads to death.Explanation / Answer
Innate immunity is a nonspecific resistance and it is present with the birth. Innate immunity is not triggered by the specific antigens; it is inherited form of immunity so it is non-specific form of immunity. Our body is able to prevent the occurrence of any disease, entry of pathological organisms, and spread of infections through the innate immunity only. Various defensive mechanisms of innate immunity include physical barriers, fever, Inflammation, complement system, interferon’s, immune surveillance, and phagocytes. These mechanisms can fight any invading pathogen. It is composed of barriers like physical and chemical barrier and it does not accumulate any memory of previous exposure but these cells can shows rapid response.
Ex: the hairs covering our head prevent a mosquito to reach the surface of the skull.
Natural killer cells (immune surveillance cells) are produced by the red bone marrow and reach the peripheral tissues, where they destroy injured cells, mutated cells, etc and provide immunity.
Phagocytes (a type of white blood cells) engulf bacteria and other cell debris by phagocytosis process.
Monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, (these three are circulating phagocytes present in blood).
Macrophages (present in peripheral tissues) are the examples of phagocytes.
Advantages: Innate Immunity was act like a first line of defense and it is made up of humoral components (Ex: cytokines) and cell components (Ex: phagocytes, NK cells and DCs).
Disadvantages: The first line does not remove the complete threat from the both (non) and microbial substances.
Fever: Normal body temperature is 98° to 99°F; fever is a rise in body temperature above the normal levels. Fever generally occurs due to the presence of pathogens; the raised body temperature increases the rate of metabolism and also activates the defense system. Generally fever is an indication of presence of some abnormality in the body, and the raised body temperature helps and speed up the repair process. Raised body temperature also inhibits or promotes the reproductive process of virus and bacteria, so that the disease course gets completed quickly. Thus fever is an essential mechanism of immune system and is necessary.
Complement activation: Complement is a group of enzymatic proteins found in serum and it completes the antigen – antibody reactions, lysis and phagocytosis.
These are exit as proenzymes. In this cascade a series of reaction was taking placed in which preceding components act on succeeding components.
In this 3 unique pathways start independently but later they took same end pathway and produce same end result.
Complement pathway importantance:
It participates in number of protective functions like bacteriolysis, hemolysis, and phagocytosis and detoxifies endotoxins of microbes. It helps in blood coagulation (converting prothrombin into thrombin).
Inflammation: This is a series of defensive biological reactions to harmful agents that leads to pain, redness, swelling and heat in the affected areas of the body. Inflammation leads to several cardinal signs called:
Dolor, or pain
Calor, which means heat
Rubor, or redness
Tumor, which implies a swelling of sorts
Functio laesa, or loss of function
Once the inflammatory process has begun, it continues until the infection that caused it has been eradicated. Phagocytes continue to consume and destroy bacteria, the acquired immune system binds and disposes of harmful toxins.
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