Please provide a LONG, detailed paragraph of the following description. It shoul

Question

Please provide a LONG, detailed paragraph of the following description. It should be at least a full page typed single spaced, size 12 times new roman font.

2. (60 points) Perhaps the best way to understand how important the endocrine system is to regulation of bodily functions and development is to consider what happens when an endocrine regulatory mechanism isn't working properly. Since there are multiple steps and points of communication between cells in these mechanisms, there are many places where miscommunication or physiological dysfunction can occur. For each of the following conditions, s not working properly. a. Describe why it arises, in other words, what part of the endocrine regulatory mechanism b. Explain why the dysfunction leads to the symptoms typically associated with the condition. c. Describe how the condition is treated and why that treatment would be effective A. Diabetes insipidus: there are 2 major types of this disease (central and nephrogenic), so make sure to discuss both of them. B. Diabetes mellitus: there are 2 major types of this disease (Type I and Type I), so make sure to discuss both of them. C. Graves disease D. Gynecomastia in males

Explanation / Answer

The endocrine system in humans is a group of endocrine (ductless) glands that regulates the body functions by releasing hormones (chemicals of different nature) directly into the blood.The main glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland , hypothalamus and the adrenal glands. Hormones released from these glands control or regulate many biological processes, such as:

As per their chemical structure, hormones are classified into 3 groups:

1) Proteins and polypeptides

2) Steroids

3) Derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

These hormones are carried in the bloodstream to act on specific target organs or tissues, and their secretion is controlled by several mechanisms:

1) Negative feedback

2) Positive feedback

3) Cyclic changes

Diseases of the endocrine system can result due:

1) Hypofunction of the gland – reduction in production of the hormone

2) Hyperfunction of the gland - increase in production of the hormone

3) Inability of target organs or tissues to respond to hormones effectively.

There may be several causes for the reduced production of the hormone, the most common one are: a) Inflammation (often autoimmune), b) Development disorders, c) Failure of the enzymes that synthesize the hormone. However, glandular hyperfunction (that is increase in the production of hormones) may be due to: a) Hyperplasia or the hormone-producing tumor (either directly in the gland, or outside – ectopic), b) Increased stimulation by the superior glands, or c) The presence of stimulating antibodies.

Diabetes insipidus (DI) occurs when a person's kidneys pass an abnormally large volume of urine that is insipid—dilute and odorless. It is a rare disorder. Diabetes insipidus may be:

Causes of Diabetes Insipidus

Central Diabetes Insipidus: Central DI is caused when there is a damage to hypothalamus or pituitary gland causes disruptions in the normal production, storage, and release of vasopressin. This disruption of vasopressin causes the kidneys to remove excessive fluid from the body, resulting in increase in urination. Damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland may be due to surgery, infection, inflammation, tumor or head injury. Rarely, central DI can result from an inherited defect in the gene that produces vasopressin. There are some unknown causes too.

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: When kidneys do not respond to vasopressin and continue to remove excessive fluid from the bloodstream, it results in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. It may also result from inherited gene changes, or mutations, that prevent the kidneys from responding to vasopressin. There are several other causes of too, some are unknown, and a few known include:

Treatment of Diabetes Insipidus

The primary treatment is drinking enough liquid to prevent dehydration. Treatment for frequent urination or thirst depends on the type of diabetes insipidus:

Central diabetes insipidus: It is treated by desmopressin (a synthetic, man-made hormone), and it works by replacing the vasopressin that a human body normally produces. This treatment does not cure the disease, however it helps in managing the condition.

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: Nephrogenic DI may be resolved by balancing the amount of calcium or potassium in the patient’s body. It is done through medicines that include diuretics, either alone or combined with aspirin or ibuprofen.

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