1. Recall one or two situations in which you or someone you know experienced sev

Question

1. Recall one or two situations in which you or someone you know experienced severe delayed muscle soreness. Describe the exercise that caused the soreness, and analyze the exercise to determine the involvement of eccentric contractions (100 words minimum).

2. From the following list of experimental methods that have been used in physiology to study changes in skeletal muscles after prolonged periods of altered activity, state advantages and disadvantages of each.

-electrical stimulation of various intensities, frequencies and durations;

-synergist ablation (removing synergistic muscles) or tenotomy (cutting of the synergistic muscle's tendon); this overloads remaining muscles;

-chronic stretch; this technique is used especially with birds by hanging weights on the wings; it is analogous to adding weights to arms or legs of humans;

-immobilization; this, of course is a technique for studying the opposite of overload or training;

-weightlessness (e.g., space flight) or simulated weightlessness (e.g., bed rest, limb suspension); this is also for studying the opposite of overload or training;

-exercise;

-combinations of the above.

Explanation / Answer

1)the pain and stiffness felt in muscles after hours or day after strenous exercise is known as sorness, it is caused by eccentric exercise which causes small damage to the muscle fibers, the sorness is due muscles streches and put under pressure, the pain is due to ruputure of the Zlines of the sarcomere the sorness is due to increased tension force and muscle lengthening from eccentric exercise, when the microtrauma occurs to these structures the pain receptors within the muscles connective tissues are stimulated and sensation of pain is caused,this sorness will disappears within the 72 hours after appearing or mild activity, massages or hot bath will help. 2)The skeletal muscles has high proportions of the slow fibers and theses fibers are physiologically activatted by the low frequencies, but the muscles with high propotions of fast fibers may be activated by intermittently with high frequency bursts of electrical stimulation, the impact of electircal stimulation depends on the frequency, intensity and duration , higher intensity and higher frequency induces stronger muscles contractions and wiseversa. b)In synergist ablation there will be increaed fiber crosssection area and fiber type transformation from fast to slow, c) chronic stretch:this chronic stretch of skeletal muscles will result in the powerful hypertrophic influence on skeletal muscle. d) immobilization results in tremendous muscle atrophy. e) weightlessness:the muscles will suffer loss, and postural muscle atrophy. f)Exercise: moderate or balances exercise results in the increase muscle mass , but excessive contraction results in microtrauma.

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