Even though digital data transmission over networks is largely automatic and tra
ID: 3530950 • Letter: E
Question
Even though digital data transmission over networks is largely automatic and transparent, it is important to have a basic understanding of how it occurs. The course material does not describe this in detail; nevertheless, do a little looking and answer the following. a. Describe the essential functions and operation of the Internet Protocol (IP). (Version 4 will do. You need not go into version 6 in this part of the question.) b. Explain any deficiencies of IPv4 and how IPv6 will correct them. c. Describe the essential functions and operation of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).Explanation / Answer
Functions Performed By TCP
Despite the complexity of TCP, its basic operation can be reasonably simplified by describing its primary functions. The following are what I believe to be the five main tasks that TCP performs:
Addressing/Multiplexing: TCP is used by many different applications for their transport protocol. Therefore, like its simpler sibling UDP, an important job for TCP is multiplexing the data received from these different processes so they can be sent out using the underlying network-layer protocol. At the same time, these higher-layer application processes are identified using TCP ports. The section on TCP/IP transport layer addressing contains a great deal of detail on how this addressing works.
Connection Establishment, Management and Termination: TCP provides a set of procedures that devices follow to negotiate and establish a TCP connection over which data can travel. Once opened, TCP includes logic for managing connections and handling problems that may result with them. When a device is done with a TCP connection, a special process is followed to terminate it.
Data Handling and Packaging: TCP defines a mechanism by which applications are able to send data to it from higher layers. This data is then packaged into messages to be sent to the destination TCP software. The destination software unpackages the data and gives it to the application on the destination machine.
Data Transfer: Conceptually, the TCP implementation on a transmitting device is responsible for the transfer of packaged data to the TCP process on the other device. Following the principle of layering, this is done by having the TCP software on the sending machine pass the data packets to the underlying network-layer protocol, which again normally means IP.
Providing Reliability and Transmission Quality Services: TCP includes a set of services and features that allow an application to consider the sending of data using the protocol to be
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