85. From a physiological point of view, starvation is merely prolonged food depr

Question

85. From a physiological point of view, starvation is merely prolonged food deprivation. Energy demands within post-absorptive animals are met by different means through time. Which process serves to minimize CNS glucose consumption during the early and middle phases of starvation? (a) gluconeogenesis, (b) ketogenesis, (c) glycogenolysis, or (d) proteolysis.

86. What advantage do ketone bodies afford during the early and middle phases of starvation? (a)
small molecular weight, (b) water-solubility, (c) diffusion through the blood-brain barrier, or (d) all of the above.

87. Where does ketogenesis occur? (a) adipose tissue found throughout the body, (b) within the liver, or (c) throughout skeletal muscle.

88. Do animals have the ability to convert fatty acids into glucose? (a) yes, or (b) no.

89. Which energy reserve becomes depleted during the early phase of starvation? (a) muscle glycogen, (b) hepatic glycogen, or (c) adipocyte triglyceride.

90. Which energy reserve becomes depleted during the middle phase of starvation? (a) muscle glycogen, (b) hepatic glycogen, or (c) adipocyte triglyceride.

91. If mobilizable protein is the only energy reserve left during the late phase of starvation, then does this mean that an animal ran out of energy if it starved to death? (a) yes, or (b) no, death stems from causes such as azotemia or hypovolemic shock.

92. Where does the hormone leptin enter the bloodstream? (a) stomach, (b) adipose tissue, or (c) liver.

93. Abundant leptin within the bloodstream denotes: (a) an adequate energy reserve within adipocytes, (b) adequate glycogen within the liver, or (c) a depleted energy reserve.

94. Where are anorectic and orexigenic neurons located? (a) limbic cortex, (b) hypothalamus, or (c) brainstem.

95. When energy reserves are adequate, which type of neuron promotes satiety (or a lack of interest in food)? (a) anorectic neurons, (b) orexigenic neuron, or (c) neurons within the limbic cortex.

96. What type of fuel do neurons consume during the intermediate phase of starvation? (a) glucose, (b) glucose and ketone bodies, or (c) ketone bodies.

97. Neurosecretion from orexigenic neurons promotes feeding behavior. Where do orexigenic neurons secrete neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related protein within body space? (a) thalamic nuclei, (b) limbic cortex, or (c) hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei.

98. How do neurons within the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei promote feeding behavior? (a) inhibition of neurons within the limbic cortex, (b) stimulation of neurons within the limbic cortex, or (c) stimulation of thalamic neurons.

99. Do neurons within the limbic cortex promote feeding behavior by sharing internal urgency with cortical neurons that generate representations of an animal

Explanation / Answer

85-a

86-d

87-a

88=a

89-b

90-c

91-b

92-c

93-b

94-a

95-b

96-c

97-b

98-b

99-a

100-b

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