Question No. 1 In addition to the management applications defined by the OSI mod

Question

Question No. 1

In addition to the management applications defined by the OSI model, we can consider reports such as system reports and user reports. Explain why.                                              [0.5 mark]

Question No. 2

The OSI model specifies five main management applications: configuration, performance, fault, security, and accounting. Give three details of configuration application.                                           [1.5 mark]

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Question No. 3

How SNMPv3 addresses the following threats: masquerade and modification of information? [1 mark]

Question No. 4

What is the advantage of a small cell size in ATM?                                                                                    [0.5 mark]

Question No. 5

Explain how MPLS combines between the richness of IP and the performance of ATM networks [1 mark]

Question No. 6

How using LSP traceroute in fault isolation?

Explanation / Answer

4. Advantage of a small cell size in ATM :

The asynchronous transfer mode makes use of fixed-size cells, consisting of a 5-octet header and a 48-octet information field. There are several advantages to the use of small, fixed-size cells. First, the use of small cells may reduce queuing delay for a high-priority cell, since it waits less if it arrives slightly behind a lower-priority cell that has gained access to a resource (such as the transmitter). Second, it appears that fixed-size cells can be switched more efficiently, which is important for the very high data rates of ATM.

The header format at the user/network interface. the cell header format internal to the network. Internal to the network, the Generic Flow Control (GFC) field, which performs end-to-end functions, is not retained. Instead, the virtual path identifier field is expanded from 8 to 12 bits. This allows support for an expanded number of VPCs internal to the network, to include those supporting subscribers and those required for network management.

5. Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a switching technology that regulates data traffic and packet forwarding in a complex network. A connection-oriented methodology that traverses packets from source to destination node across networks is what it does for fast packet transmission. It has the feature of encompassing packets in the presence different network protocols.

This ensures end-to-end circuits over ANY type of transport medium using ANY network layer protocol. In view of the fact that MPLS supports Internet Protocol revised versions (IPv4 and IPv6), IPX, AppleTalk at Layer3; Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay, and PPP (Point to Point Protocol) at Layer 2, it is referred as ‘Layer 2.5 protocol’.

The core technology intents to remove protocol-dependency on specific datalink layer technologies such as ATM, Frame Relay, Ethernet, and Synchronous Optical Network (SONET). This avoids the need of multiple layer 2 networks for different types of traffic. It was intended for providing a unified data carrying service for circuit-based and packet switching clients.

6. When an LSP fails to deliver user traffic, the failure cannot always be detected by the MPLS control plane. There is a need to provide a tool that would enable users to detect such traffic "black holes" or misrouting within a reasonable period of time, and a mechanism to isolate faults. In this document, we describe a mechanism that accomplishes these goals.

This mechanism is modeled after the ping/traceroute paradigm:

ping (ICMP echo request [ICMP]) is used for connectivity checks, and
traceroute is used for hop-by-hop fault localization as well as path
tracing. This document specifies a "ping" mode and a "traceroute"
mode for testing MPLS LSPs.

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