1). Multiplexing is used on wired and wireless communications links. Explain wha

Question

1).        Multiplexing is used on wired and wireless communications links. Explain what multiplexing is and explain the various types of multiplexing methods that are available and how they work.

2).        List and explain the difference between the types of fiber-optic cable including the size of the cores in each type.

3).        Where the structured cabling standards are voluntary, local codes have the force of law. If you were to prepare a guide for your employees concerning these codes, what would be in it?

4).       Explain what the outside plant is, what practices should be adhered to when installing cabling in the outside plant, and the types of media used in the outside plant

Explanation / Answer

multiplexing:

In telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing is a method by which multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share an expensive resource.The multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication channel, such as a cable.The multiplexing divides the capacity of the communication channel into several logical channels, one for each message signal or data stream to be transferred.

Different types of multiplexing is used in communication :

space-division multiplexing:

In wired communication, space-division multiplexing is the use of separate point-to-point electrical conductors for each transmitted channel. Examples include an analogue stereo audio cable, with one pair of wires for the left channel and another for the right channel, and a multi-pair telephone cable, a switched star network such as a telephone access network, a switched Ethernet network, and a mesh network.

In wireless communication, space-division multiplexing is achieved with multiple antenna elements forming a phased array antenna. Examples are multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), single-input and multiple-output (SIMO) and multiple-input and single-output (MISO) multiplexing.

Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM):

Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is inherently an analog technology. FDM achieves the combining of several signals into one medium by sending signals in several distinct frequency ranges over a single medium.

One of the most common applications for FDM is traditional radio and television broadcasting from terrestrial, mobile or satellite stations, or cable television.

Time-division multiplexing (TDM):

Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a digital (or in rare cases, analog) technology which uses time, instead of space or frequency, to separate the different data streams. TDM involves sequencing groups of a few bits or bytes from each individual input stream, one after the other, and in such a way that they can be associated with the appropriate receiver

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Outside plant cabling, whether copper or fiber, is generally installed as aerial cable between poles, in an underground conduit system, or by direct burial.

OSP may include:

• Optical fiber cabling.

• Balanced twisted-pair cabling.

• Coaxial cabling.

• Supporting structures required to link serving facilities to outlying locations and enable voice, data, video, and other low-voltage systems.

Three pathways used in outside plant construction are aerial, underground conduit, and direct buried.

Aerial cabling systems:

This method has the highest level of risk regarding natural disasters, or accidents, such as the possibility of lightning strikes, falling tree limbs, or accidental vehicle damage to utility poles.

Pole placement should take into account future cable capacity needs, the classification of pole type, storm loading requirement, optimum span lengths and minimum height clearance requirements. The installed cable must maintain a specific distance known as sag clearance.

Underground conduit system:

Underground conduit has certain specific advantages over aerial cable; it's out of sight; adaptable to future cable placement and removal; secure from vandalism; and protected from most natural disasters; except flooding. While it's economical over its lifetime, underground conduit has a high initial cost compared to other systems.

Direct burial system:

A direct burial system, which is somewhat similar to a buried conduit system, also has many of the same advantages. But, the disadvantages of direct burial are that the capacity cannot be increased, and the telecom conductors do not have as much mechanical protection as they would in a buried conduit system.

single mode optical fiber multi mode optical fiber is a single stand of glass fiber with a diameter of 8.3 to 10 has a little bit bigger diameter, with a common diameters in the 50-to-100 micron range Carries higher bandwidth than multimode fiber Multimode fiber gives you high bandwidth at high speeds (10 to 100MBS - Gigabit to 275m to 2km) Single-mode fiber gives you a higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more distance than multimode, but it also costs more. result in an unclear and incomplete data transmission Single Mode fiber optic cable has a small diametral core Multimode fiber optic cable has a large diametral core that allows multiple modes of light to propagate. Single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can propagate at the wavelength of interest typically 1300 to 1320nm. Light waves are dispersed into numerous paths, or modes, as they travel through the cable's core typically 850 or 1300nm This application is typically used in long distance, higher bandwidth This application is typically used for short distance, data and audio/video applications in LANs

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