Task: Produce an individual report on specific issues in computer networks artic

Question

Task:

Produce an individual report on specific issues in computer networks articulating technology development, critical evaluation and synthesis. Provide a clear and critical discussion in your answers to the following questions. You are allowed to use any available source but citing your sources appropriately (see http://lrweb.beds.ac.uk/guides/ref/referencing-schemes). The purpose of the task is for you to investigate and research online and offline sources to format accurate and coherent responses.

Question:

Discuss the two main types of the routing protocols and analyse their features critically. Comment which of these types would be your preferred choice as the network administrator in the scenario given in Question 3 explaining reasons. [Marks: 20, Word Count: 500] USE YOUR OWN WORDS UNLESS YOU ARE CITING. THE DOCUMENT WILL BE CHECKED FOR PLAGIARISM.

Explanation / Answer

A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each other to share information and resources.

The chronology of significant computer-network developments includes:

In the late 1950s early networks of computers included the military radar system Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE).
In 1959 Anatolii Ivanovich Kitov proposed to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union a detailed plan for the re-organisation of the control of the Soviet armed forces and of the Soviet economy on the basis of a network of computing centres.[2]
In 1960 the commercial airline reservation system semi-automatic business research environment (SABRE) went online with two connected mainframes.
In 1962 J.C.R. Licklider developed a working group he called the "Intergalactic Computer Network", a precursor to the ARPANET, at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).
In 1964 researchers at Dartmouth College developed the Dartmouth Time Sharing System for distributed users of large computer systems. The same year, at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a research group supported by General Electric and Bell Labs used a computer to route and manage telephone connections.
Throughout the 1960s, Leonard Kleinrock, Paul Baran, and Donald Davies independently developed network systems that used packets to transfer information between computers over a network.
In 1965, Thomas Marill and Lawrence G. Roberts created the first wide area network (WAN). This was an immediate precursor to the ARPANET, of which Roberts became program manager.
Also in 1965, Western Electric introduced the first widely used telephone switch that implemented true computer control.
In 1969 the University of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah became connected as the beginning of the ARPANET network using 50 kbit/s circuits.[3]
In 1972 commercial services using X.25 were deployed, and later used as an underlying infrastructure for expanding TCP/IP networks.
In 1973, Robert Metcalfe wrote a formal memo at Xerox PARC describing Ethernet, a networking system that was based on the Aloha network, developed in the 1960s by Norman Abramson and colleagues at the University of Hawaii. In July 1976, Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs published their paper "Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks"[4] and collaborated on several patents received in 1977 and 1978. In 1979 Robert Metcalfe pursued making Ethernet an open standard.[5]
In 1976 John Murphy of Datapoint Corporation created ARCNET, a token-passing network first used to share storage devices.
In 1995 the transmission speed capacity for Ethernet increased from 10 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s. By 1998, Ethernet supported transmission speeds of a Gigabit. Subsequently, higher speeds of up to 100 Gbit/s were added (as of 2016). The ability of Ethernet to scale easily (such as quickly adapting to support new fiber optic cable speeds) is a contributing factor to its continued use.[5]

Properties:
A computer network facilitates interpersonal communications allowing users to communicate efficiently and easily via various means: email, instant messaging, chat rooms, telephone, video telephone calls, and video conferencing. Providing access to information on shared storage devices is an important feature of many networks. A network allows sharing of files, data, and other types of information giving authorized users the ability to access information stored on other computers on the network. A network allows sharing of network and computing resources. Users may access and use resources provided by devices on the network, such as printing a document on a shared network printer. Distributed computing uses computing resources across a network to accomplish tasks. A computer network may be used by computer crackers to deploy computer viruses or computer worms on devices connected to the network, or to prevent these devices from accessing the network via a denial of service attack.
  
Types Of Routing Protocols:

1.Static Routing
2.Dynamic Routing

above described protocols are briefly described as follows
1.Static Routing:
The simplest form of routing is static routes. The routing information is preprogrammed by the network administrator. When changes to the network occur, the route information must be manually changed throughout the network.

There are a number of advantages to using static routes. Static routing is very resource efficient, as it routing uses no additional network bandwidth, doesn't use any router CPU cycles trying to calculate routes, and requires far less memory. It is also the most secure form of routing protocol.

However, there are a number of disadvantages to static routing that eliminate it as a viable alternative on the <Client> network. First and foremost, in the rapidly changing topology of a wireless network, it is impractical for a network administrator to manually program the routing changes as they occur. Secondly, in the case of a network failure, static routing is usually not capable of choosing alternate paths.

2.Dynamic Routing:
  
   Distance vector protocols such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP), Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) RIP, IPX Service Advertisement Protocol (SAP), and Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP), broadcast their complete routing table periodically, regardless of whether the routing table has changed. This periodic advertisement varies from every 10 seconds for RTMP to every 90 seconds for IGRP. When the network is stable, distance vector protocols behave well but waste of bandwidth because of the periodic sending of routing table updates, even when no change has occurred. When a failure occurs in the network, distance vector protocols do not add excessive load to the network, but they take a long time to reconverge to an alternate path or to flush a bad path from the network.
  
Distance Vector Routing protocols are dynamic. Routers that use distance vector routing share information, or a routing map, with other routers on the network. As changes to the network occur, the router with the change propagates the new routing information across the entire network.

In routing based on distance-vector algorithms, routers periodically pass copies of their entire routing table to routers that are their immediate neighbors. Each recipient of this information adds a distance vector (it’s own distance value) to the routing table before it forwards it on to its neighbors. This process continues in an omni directional manner among connected routers. Eventually each router on the network learns about all the others and is able to develop a cumulative network “map.” Each router then knows how to reach any other router, and any other network connected to the router.

Distance vector routing provides a tremendous advantage over static routing. Routers are able to discover the state of the network, and to propagate changes as they occur. The most common, and most ubiquitous of distance vector routing protocols is the Routing Information Protocol, or RIP.

In this two protocols Static routin protocol is preferred choice as the network administrator in the scenario.

The resons are described below. those are.

1.A  static routing table is created, maintained, and updated by a network administrator, manually. A static route to every network must be configured on every router for full connectivity.

2.military applications, a good example is, let’s say, that an IP-based computer needs to send data from its hard drive to a central command center. In this scenario, data communication is usually achieved over a wireless mesh network.

3.If you are building a larger or more fluid network, dynamic routing allows routers on the network to make intelligent decisions on which path is best to get data to a subnet/destination. A dynamic routing table is created, maintained, and updated by a routing protocol running on the router. Intelligent routing protocols are capable of dynamically choosing a different (or better) path when there is a change to the routing infrastructure.

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