Answer the following questions: 1.Describe the two steps to data storage design.

Question

Answer the following questions:

1.Describe the two steps to data storage design. How are a file and a database different from each other?

2.Name five types of files and describe the primary purpose of each type.

3.Name two types of legacy databases and the main problems associated with each type. What is the most popular kind of database today? Provide three examples of products that are based on this database technology.

4.What are the two most important factors in determining the type of data storage format that should be adopted for a system? Why are these factors so important?

Part 2: Module Practice:

You have been given a file that contains the following fields relating to CD information. Using the steps of normalization, create a logical data model that represents this file in third normal form. The fields include the following:

•Musical group name

•Musicians in group

•Date group was formed

•Group’s agent

•CD title 1

•CD title 2

•CD title 3

•CD 1 length

•CD 2 length

•CD 3 length

The assumptions are as follows:

•Musicians in group contains a list of the members of the people in the musical group.

•Musical groups can have more than one CD, so both group name and CD title are needed to uniquely identify a particular CD.

Explanation / Answer

1-
Physical database requires that you consider multiple aspects and make sure each design decision integrates well with each other.Designing storage systems that can handle the requirements of big data applications is a task that many storage administrators are starting to tackle in their own environments.

Object-based systems and scale-out file systems are both suitable for handling the requirements associated with a big data storage architecture, Scale-out systems offer a global namespace file system for easy management of network-attached storage,while object storage's use of metadata means better performance for larger file sets.

storage infrastructures are not well suited for this type of ‘no limits’ storage strategy that Big Data will impose on storage infrastructures. While these capacities can be purchased upfront, this will lead to tremendous unused capacity in the intial stages of deployment. It is more cost effective to add capacity as needed. A Big Data infrastructure needs to scale capacity while maintaining performance to provide rapid answers when it is queried. It also needs to be simple to manage. Old paradigms that assign numbers of storage administrators to terabytes owned will no longer be economically feasible as a single storage administrator will need to manage petabytes of information in order to keep the cost equation in line. With these requirements, the ideal infrastructure for Big Data may be scale-out storage.

2)

1. Master files store the business's or application's core data. The data in a master file is considered fairly permanent,
does not change much, and is usually retained for long periods.

2. Look-up files contain reference information that is used primarily during validation processing. A list of valid code values for a field might be referred to during data entry to ensure that a valid code was entered.

3. Transaction files contain information that will be used to update a master file. These files are usually temporary in nature; they are used to collect transactions, the transactions update the master file, and then the transaction files are archived.

4. Audit files are used to help trace changes made to files. An image of a record before and after a change may be written to an audit file so that the change is documented.

5. History files serve as archives for older information that is rarely used. These files can be accessed if necessary, but are usually stored on tape to remove the little-used data from the active data storage areas.

3)

(a) Hierarchical Database: It is used to describe the relationship between the parent and child by using inverted tress or hierarchies. The data presented at the top of the tree can act as parent and information at the lower levels can act as child

(b) Relational database is the most popular kind of database for application development today. Examples of RDBMS software are Microsoft Access, Oracle, DB2, Sybase, Informix, Microsoft SQL Server, and MySQL.

4)

two most important factors in determining the type of data storage format are the ExisTng Storage formats and future Needs. exisTing storage formats the data storage format should be selected primarily on the basis of the kind of data and applicaTon system being developed.,

1) The main factor here is the type of data to be stored. For many applications, simple data is required to be stored in the database. However, complex data like videos and images has to be stored into the database so can be handles easily. Access to files in the database is the main key.

2) Type of application systems: It is also an important deciding factor. The system requires rapid change, update and retrieval of the information. These factors are important because:

1. Information can be accessed and retrieved easily;

2. It is easy to search in the information;

3. Change and update of information is easy; and

4. Complex data can be stored easily with correct data storage format

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