11. (10 points) This question deals with cryptographic hashes. (a) What are the

Question

11. (10 points) This question deals with cryptographic hashes. (a) What are the key properties for a cryptographic hash? (b) Given a hash value of n bits, what is the expected work to find a collision? (c) What is a salt value (in the context of hashed passwords) and why is it important? (d) Suppose Trudy has obtained a file of usernames, hashed passwords, and salt values. Assume she also has a list of common passwords. Write pseudocode for a password cracking program. (No pepper value is used).

Explanation / Answer

Properties of Cryptographic Hash Function:

b)

The expected work to find a distinct collisions on an ideal hash function of output size n is about

2k.2n/2=a2n+1 (for a<<2n/2).

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