In this lab, the students will do some basic electronic experiments and learn th

Question

In this lab, the students will do some basic electronic experiments and learn the fundamental about electricity and electronics components. The students will also learn about the basic instruments for the experiments they need to use and master during the semester. They are: 1) multimeter. 2) breadboard 3) oscilloscope. A. Search online and explain the following concept/terminologies: 1. What is Ohm’s law? 2. What is a conductor? 3. What is an insulator? 4. What is semiconductor? 5. What is electric current and its basic unit? 6. What is voltage and its basic unit? 7. What is resistance and what are the units for resistance? 8. What is a resistor? 9. What is a capacitor and what is the basic unit for capacitance and capacitors? 10. What is transistor? 11. What is IC chip and what are the advantages of IC over discrete transistors?
1. Sort out all resistors and recognize each by their color codes and measure its actual value with a multimeter. Record the difference between the marked values and the measured values. 2. Sort out all capacitors from the project breadboard and write down their values according to the print on the surface of the capacitor. 3. Sort out all the transistors on board and look up the specifications online for each and include the information in your report. 4. Look up online the remaining device/components on board and record their specifications and include that in your lab report. In this lab, the students will do some basic electronic experiments and learn the fundamental about electricity and electronics components. The students will also learn about the basic instruments for the experiments they need to use and master during the semester. They are: 1) multimeter. 2) breadboard 3) oscilloscope. A. Search online and explain the following concept/terminologies: 1. What is Ohm’s law? 2. What is a conductor? 3. What is an insulator? 4. What is semiconductor? 5. What is electric current and its basic unit? 6. What is voltage and its basic unit? 7. What is resistance and what are the units for resistance? 8. What is a resistor? 9. What is a capacitor and what is the basic unit for capacitance and capacitors? 10. What is transistor? 11. What is IC chip and what are the advantages of IC over discrete transistors?
1. Sort out all resistors and recognize each by their color codes and measure its actual value with a multimeter. Record the difference between the marked values and the measured values. 2. Sort out all capacitors from the project breadboard and write down their values according to the print on the surface of the capacitor. 3. Sort out all the transistors on board and look up the specifications online for each and include the information in your report. 4. Look up online the remaining device/components on board and record their specifications and include that in your lab report. In this lab, the students will do some basic electronic experiments and learn the fundamental about electricity and electronics components. The students will also learn about the basic instruments for the experiments they need to use and master during the semester. They are: 1) multimeter. 2) breadboard 3) oscilloscope. A. Search online and explain the following concept/terminologies: 1. What is Ohm’s law? 2. What is a conductor? 3. What is an insulator? 4. What is semiconductor? 5. What is electric current and its basic unit? 6. What is voltage and its basic unit? 7. What is resistance and what are the units for resistance? 8. What is a resistor? 9. What is a capacitor and what is the basic unit for capacitance and capacitors? 10. What is transistor? 11. What is IC chip and what are the advantages of IC over discrete transistors?
1. Sort out all resistors and recognize each by their color codes and measure its actual value with a multimeter. Record the difference between the marked values and the measured values. 2. Sort out all capacitors from the project breadboard and write down their values according to the print on the surface of the capacitor. 3. Sort out all the transistors on board and look up the specifications online for each and include the information in your report. 4. Look up online the remaining device/components on board and record their specifications and include that in your lab report.

Explanation / Answer

1.Ohm's Law is the numerical relationship between electric current, resistance, and voltage. The standard is named after the German scientist Georg Simon Ohm.

In direct current (DC) circuits, Ohm's Law is simple and straight. Suppose a resistance having an estimation of R ohms carries a current of I amperes. At that point, the voltage across the resistor is equivalent to the item IR. There are two corollaries. In the event that a DC control source giving E volts is put across a resistance of R ohms, at that point the current through the resistance is equivalent to E/R amperes. Also, in a DC circuit, if E volts show up across a segment that carries I amperes, at that point the resistance of that segment is equivalent to E/I ohms.

Numerically, Ohm's Law for DC circuits can be stated as three equations:

E = IR

I = E/R

R = E/I

When making calculations, good units must be used. In the event that the units are other than ohms (for resistance), amperes (for current), and volts for voltage), at that point unit conversions should be made before calculations are finished. For instance, kilohms should be changed over to ohms, and microamperes should be changed over to amperes.

2.A conductor is a material which permits the stream of energy. A material which allows the stream of charged particles is an electrical conductor. A material which allows the transfer of warm energy is a warm conductor or warmth conductor.

Conductors of power:

Electrical conductors are materials which contain portable electric charge. The charge might be positive or negative. In case of metallic conductors like copper or aluminum the versatile charged particles are electrons and in electrolytic conduction, the portable charge particles are ions, either positive ions or negative ions

3.An insulator is a material or strategy that restricts the transfer of either warmth or power. Insulators are used to shield us from the dangerous effects of power coursing through conductors. Insulators are materials that have just the opposite impact on the stream of electrons. They don't give electrons a chance to stream easily starting with one iota then onto the next. Insulators are materials whose atoms have firmly bound electrons. These electrons are not allowed to wander around and be shared by neighboring atoms. Some regular insulator materials are glass, plastic, elastic, air, and wood.

4.A semiconductor is a material that is neither a decent conductor of power (like copper) nor a decent insulator (like elastic). The most well-known semiconductor materials are silicon and germanium. These materials are then doped to make an excess or absence of electrons.

Semiconductor Uses:

PC chips, both for CPU and memory, are composed of semiconductor materials. Semiconductors make it possible to scale down electronic components, such as transistors. Not exclusively does scaling down imply that the components consume up to less room, it also means that they are faster and require less energy.

5.An electric current is a stream of electric charge in a circuit. All the more specifically, the electric current is the rate of charge stream past a given point in an electric circuit.

The greatness of the electric current is measured in coulombs every second, the regular unit for this being the Ampere or amp which is designated by the letter 'A'

6.Voltage, also called electromotive force, is a quantitative expression of the potential contrast in control between two points in an electrical field.

The more prominent the voltage, the more prominent the stream of electrical current (that is, the number of charge carriers that pass a settled point for each unit of time) through a directing or semiconducting medium for an offered resistance to the stream. Voltage is symbolized by an uppercase italic letter V or E.

A volt can be stated in SI base units

7.Resistance is the opposition that a substance offers to the stream of electric current. It is represented by the uppercase letter R. The standard unit of resistance is the ohm, sometimes worked out as a word, and sometimes symbolized by the uppercase Greek letter omega: Greek letter omega

At the point when an electric current of one ampere passes through a part across which a potential contrast (voltage) of one volt exists, at that point the resistance of that segment is one ohm.

8.A resistor is an electrical segment that limits or regulates the stream of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to give a specific voltage to a dynamic gadget such as a transistor.

Every single other factor being equivalent, in a direct-current (DC) circuit, the current through a resistor is inversely relative to its resistance, and directly corresponding to the voltage across it. This is the outstanding Ohm's Law. In alternating-current (AC) circuits, this manage also applies as long as the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance.

Resistors can be created in an assortment of ways. The most widely recognized write in electronic devices and systems is the carbon-composition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is blended with dirt and solidified. The resistance depends on the extent of carbon to mud; the higher this proportion, the lower the resistance.

Another kind of resistor is produced using winding Nichrome or similar wire on an insulating form. This segment, called a wire-wound resistor, is ready to handle higher currents than a carbon-composition resistor of the same physical size. Be that as it may, because the wire is twisted into a loop, the segment acts as inductors as well as showing resistance. This does not influence performance in DC circuits but rather can have an adverse impact on AC circuits because inductance renders the gadget sensitive to changes in recurrence.

9.A capacitor is a passive electronic part that stores energy as an electrostatic field. In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of two directing plates separated by an insulating material called the dielectric. The capacitance is directly relative to the surface areas of the plates and is inversely corresponding to the separation between the plates. Capacitance also depends on the dielectric constant of the substance separating the plates.

The standard unit of capacitance is the farad, abridged. This is a vast unit; more typical units are the microfarad, shortened µF (1 µF =10-6F) and the picofarad, curtailed pF (1 pF = 10-12 F).

Capacitors can be manufactured onto incorporated circuit (IC) chips. They are ordinarily used in conjunction with transistors in powerful random access memory (DRAM). The capacitors help keep up the s of memory. Because of their little physical size, these components have low capacitance. They must be recharged thousands of times for every second or the DRAM will lose its information.

10.A transistor is a gadget that regulates current or voltage stream and acts as a switch or door for electronic signals. Transistors consist of three layers of a semiconductor material, each equipped for conveying a current.

The transistor was created by three scientists at the Bell Laboratories in 1947, and it quickly supplanted the vacuum tube as an electronic signal controller. A transistor regulates current or voltage stream and acts as a switch or entryway for electronic signals. A transistor consists of three layers of a semiconductor material, each equipped for conveying a current. A semiconductor is a material such as germanium and silicon that conducts electricity in a "semi-enthusiastic" manner. It's somewhere between a genuine conductor such as copper and an insulator (like the plastic wrapped around wires).

The semiconductor material is given special properties by a compound process called doping. The doping results in a material that either adds additional electrons to the material (which is then called N-type for the additional negative charge carriers) or creates "holes" in the material's crystal structure (which is then called P-type because it results in more positive charge carriers). The transistor's three-layer structure contains an N-type semiconductor layer sandwiched between P-type layers (a PNP setup) or a P-type layer between N-type layers (an NPN arrangement).

A small change in the current or voltage at the inward semiconductor layer (which acts as the control cathode) produces an extensive, quick change in the current passing through the whole part. The part would thus be able to go about as a switch, opening and closing an electronic door quite often. The present computers use hardware made with correlative metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. CMOS uses two integral transistors for every entryway (one with the N-type material; the other with P-type material). When one transistor is keeping up a rational state, it requires almost no power.

11.An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of small resistors, capacitors, and transistors are manufactured. An IC can work as an enhancer, oscillator, clock, counter, PC memory, or microprocessor.

advantages of IC over discrete transistors:

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