Question 6 What command, including any necessary switches or parameters , would

Question

Question 6

What command, including any necessary switches or parameters, would you run in order to display a list of all commands that had previously been run by the currently logged on user?

In Unix, what command, including any necessary parameters and switches, would you run to display a long listing of all of the files in the directory /var/log? (Hint: the output should be fairly similar to the output of the dir command on Windows).

.     Assume that your company or organization has been tasked with purchasing and deploying a dozen web servers to host a web site that receives a very large amount of web traffic. Somewhere around 50 million page views per day. Your boss has asked you to explain to the senior leadership in your company or organization how the IT department intends to use virtualization technologies in conjunction with this project. What are three of the benefits of virtualization that you would choose to share with the senior leadership? Please be sure to explain specifically what those benefits are.

  What command would you run to change to the root of the filesystem? (Note: I'm not asking how to change to the home directory for the root user here. I'm asking how to change to the top level of the Unix filesystem, or the equivalent to C: on Windows.) What command would you run to change to the home directory for the username paul?

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Explanation / Answer

su is usually the simplest and most convenient way to change the ownership of a login session to root or to any other user.

More importantly, it provides a safer way for administrators on multi-user systems (as well as for users on home computers or other single-user systems) to use the system than to routinely log on as the root user. That is, there is much less potential for accidental or malicious damage if an administrator first logs on as an ordinary user (who, by default, has very limited system privileges) and uses that account for routine tasks that do not require root's sweeping powers. su can then be used to switch to the root account for only those operations that actually require root access (e.g., making system repairs and managing user accounts).

The use of su instead of routinely logging in as root is particularly important when connected to the Internet. This is because it makes it much more difficult for malicious software originating on remote computers to access critical system files or commands (which belong to the root account).

On multiuser systems, not only the root account but also su should be used to the minimum extent necessary, and it should be used with great caution. This includes making certain (1) that no unauthorized persons see any passwords used with su (such as watching a password being typed in or seeing it on paper), (2) that su sessions are not left unattended and (3) that su sessions are terminated as soon as the tasks for which they were invoked have been completed.

When su is used while in console mode (i.e., with a text-only screen display), the original user's session cannot, of course, be used on the same machine (because the su session occupies the entire screen). However, when su is used in a terminal window (i.e., a text-only window in a GUI), only that terminal window and programs that are started from it are run with the new user's account (e.g., root), and all other programs, including any other terminal windows, can continue to be run by the original user.

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