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Must be done by Excel Solver in a spreadsheet • Please show work and give explan

ID: 406877 • Letter: M

Question

Must be done by Excel Solver in a spreadsheet • Please show work and give explanation on all questions. • Please explain how you got it done in Excel Solver for all questions. Assume the end-user do not have knowledge on Excel Solver, please teach/explain steps on how/why the answers were done the way it is in Excel Solver. • This project is also for tutoring how to use Excel Solver, so please explain them well.

1. Pigouvian Tax Marginal Benefit = MB = 250 - 2*Q Marginal Private Cost = MPC = 10 + 0.4*Q Marginal Damage = 0.6*Q

A. What is the private equilibrium?

B. What is the Business as Usual (BAU) level of pollution? (Hint: It’s the sum of MD over the entire quantity made.)

C. What is the socially optimal quantity?

D. Under what sort of philosophical rationale is this socially optimal?

E. What is the DWL of being at BAU?

F. What Pigouvian tax gets us to the socially optimal quantity?

G. How much tax revenue is generated by this tax?

H. Draw A, C, F, and G on a graph. Take a picture with your cellphone, and send it to me.

2. Abatement: Business as Usual = BAU = 150 units of pollution Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) = 0.6*A Marginal Benefit from Abatement = Marginal Damage from Pollution = 100 - 0.4*A

A. What is the BAU level of abatement?

B. What is the efficient level of abatement?

C. What’s the DWL from BAU?

D. What emissions tax would get us the optimal level of abatement?

E. What would be the tax revenue from that tax? (Hint: Tax revenue = t*(BAU-A))

F. What would be the total cost to firms from this tax, relative to BAU?

G. What is the optimal number of permits? (Hint: Permits = BAU-A)

H. What would be the price of these permits if the trading were competitive? I. Draw B and E on a graph. Take a picture with your cellphone and send it to me.

Explanation / Answer

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What is the private equilibrium?

ANSWER: MPC = MB, 10 + 0.4*Q = 250 - 2*Q, 2.4*Q = 240, Q = 100

What is the Business as Usual (BAU) level of pollution? (Hint: It’s the sum of MD over the entire quantity made.)

ANSWER: BAU Pollution = 0.5*Q*MD(Q) = 0.5*100*0.6*100 = $3,000

What is the socially optimal quantity?

ANSWER: MPC + MD = MB, 10 + 0.4*Q + 0.6*Q = 250-2*Q, 3*Q = 240, QSocial = 240/3 = 80

Under what sort of philosophical rationale is this socially optimal?

ANSWER: Utilitarian, Hicks-Kaldor, the gains to the winners outweigh the losses to the losers.

What is the DWL of being at BAU?

ANSWER: DWL = 0.5*(QPrivate - QSocial)*MD(QPrivate) = 0.5*(100-80)*0.6*100 = $600

What Pigouvian tax gets us to the socially optimal quantity?

ANSWER: Tax = MD(QSocial) = 0.6*80 = $48

MPC + Tax = MB, 58 + 0.4*Q = 250 - 2*Q, 192 = 2.4*Q, Q = 192/2.4 = 80

How much tax revenue is generated by this tax?

ANSWER: Tax revenue = Tax*QSocial = $48*80 = $3,840

Draw A, C, F, and G on a graph.

2.

What is the BAU level of abatement?

ANSWER: BAU level of abatement = 0.

What is the efficient level of abatement?

ANSWER: MAC = MB, 0.6*A = 100-0.4*A, A* = 100

What’s the DWL from BAU?

ANSWER: DWL = 0.5*(A-BAU)*[MD(BAU)-MAC(BAU)] = 0.5*100*100 = $5,000

What emissions tax would get us the optimal level of abatement?

ANSWER: MAC(A*) = 0.6*100 = $60

What would be the tax revenue from that tax?   (Hint: Tax revenue = t*(BAU-A))

ANSWER: Tax revenue = t*(150-100) = $60*50 = $3,000

What would be the total cost to firms from this tax, relative to BAU?

ANSWER: Total cost = Abatement cost + Taxes = 0.5*(0.6*100)*100 + $3,000 = $6,000

What is the optimal number of permits? (Hint: Permits = BAU-A)

ANSWER: Permits = BAU - A = 150 - 100 = 50

What would be the price of these permits if the trading was competitive?

ANSWER: $60