Describe the regulation of one cardiac cycle and mechanics of gas exchange at th

Question

Describe the regulation of one cardiac cycle and mechanics of gas exchange at the capillary level during exercise. Include how electrical impulses are conducted through the heart and how they relate to the opening and closing of valves, contraction and relaxation of myocardial tissue, volume and pressure changes in each of the chambers of the heart during each phase of the cardiac cycle, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange at the alveoli level as well as how metabolic waste (ex. CO2) drives repiration.

Explanation / Answer

Two important mechanisms for blood pressure control involve the regulation of cardiac output and the peripheral resistance. Starling's law of the heart ensures that the volume of blood discharged from the heart is equal to the volume entering its chambers. Pressoreceptors trigger the neural regulation of the heart rate. Chemicals, such as epinephrine, emotions, physical exercise, and increased body temperature can also play a role in regulation of heart rate, thereby influencing the cardiac output. Peripheral resistance is regulated primarily by the changes in the diameters of arterioles. The vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata has neural control of the smooth muscle in the arteriole wall. Chemical substances, including carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen ions, also influence peripheral resistance by affecting the smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles and the actions of precapillary sphincters

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