Need help answering some questions for my Dairy Science class. Don\'t need super

Question

Need help answering some questions for my Dairy Science class. Don't need super in depth answers, just enough to answer the question. Short sentences or phrases are fine. Explain if necessary. Please help ASAP, thanks.

Somatotropin

Who were the first people to demonstrate the impact of somatotropin on milk yield?

What organism is used to make recombinant somatotropin?

What is the basis for improvement in productive efficiency in animals?

What are the specific biological processes related to the improvements?

What does somatotropin do to glucose metabolism in lactating dairy cows?

How does somatotropin increase milk yield in cattle?

Explanation / Answer

1) Four large pharmaceutical companies, Monsanto,American Cyanamid, Eli Lilly, and Upjohn, developed commercial rBST products and submitted them to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval.

2) Recombinant somatotropin is produced by cow's pituitary gland.

3) Effects of bovine somatotropin (bST) on irreversible loss rate (ILR) and oxidation rate of glucose and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were examined. Nine lactating cows received bST or excipient in a single reversal design using 14-d periods. Kinetic variables were estimated by compartmental analysis of blood metabolite and expired CO2 specific activity values obtained during infusion of [U-14C] glucose or [1-14C] palmitate. With bST treatment, milk energy yield increased by 31% but feed intake was unchanged. Blood glucose concentrations were not affected by treatment or correlated with any glucose kinetic variables. In the control period, glucose ILR was 12.1 mol/d with 66.5% utilized for milk lactose synthesis and 17.4% oxidized to CO2. Treatment with bST increased glucose ILR (+1.5 mol/d) and reduced glucose oxidation (-0.4 mol/d); this accommodated the additional glucose (+1.3 mol/d) required for the increase in lactose secretion. Increases in milk energy yield with bST treatment caused cows to be in a substantial negative net energy balance (-9.8 Mcal/d). No acute lipolytic response occurred with bST treatment, but plasma NEFA were chronically elevated (+104 mumol/L) and NEFA ILR increased (+2.3 mol/d). Increased NEFA turnover was primarily used for increased oxidation to CO2 (+0.5 mol/d) and 41% increase in milk fat (equal to approximately 1.3 mol fatty acids/d). For NEFA, plasma concentrations were correlated with ILR (r = +0.80), oxidation to CO2 (r = +0.74) and net energy balance (r = -0.78). Overall, bST resulted in an exquisite coordination of metabolism to meet nutrient needs for increased synthesis of milk components.

4)

5) Somatotropin is a naturally occurring hormone produced in the pituitary gland of animals; bovine somatotropin (BST) triggers nutrients to increase growth in young cattle and lactation (milk production) in dairy cows. Artificial BST is produced using recombinant DNA technology (biotechnology), and called rBST for short. rBST is commonly known as Bovine Growth Hormone or rBGH. When injected into cows, rBGH increases milk production 10 to 15 percent

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