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The presence of predators has been hypothesized to induce changes in behavior an

ID: 47456 • Letter: T

Question

The presence of predators has been hypothesized to induce changes in behavior and morphology of prey. Consider the graph below comparing activity levels of snails reared either in the presence or absence of their crab predator. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) found that F1,10 = 6.12; and p = 0.043. Answer the following questions:

What is/are the independent variable(s)?

            Predator presence/ absence

            Predator activity level

            Prey presence/ absence

            Pretty activity level

What is/are the dependent variable(s)?

            Predator presence/ absence

            Predator activity level

            Prey presence/absence

Prey activity level

The independent variable(s) is/are

            Numerical and continuous

            Numerical and discrete

            Categorical and nominal

            Categorical and ordianl

The dependent variable(s) is/are

            Numerical and continuous

            Numerical and discrete

            Categorical and nominal

            Categorical and ordianl

Which treatment would you consider to be the ?control??

            No predator; no prey

            No predator; prey

            Predator; no prey

            Predator; prey

What does the height of each bar represent, per group?

            Mean activity level

            Maximum activity level

            Summed activity level

            Variance in activity level

What is the null hypothesis for this experiment?

            Equal mean activity in the two groups

            Equal variance in activity in the groups

            More mean activity with no predators

            More variable activity with no predators

What is the probability of getting an F value of 6.12 if the null hypothesis is true?

            0.05

            0.043

            4.3

            0.95

Given the reported statistical results, would the null hypothesis be rejected with an ? = 0.05 or 0.01?

            Yes at both 0.05 and 0.01

            Yes at 0.05, but no at 0.01

            No at both 0.05 and 0.01

            Cannot be determined

Given the reported statistical results, to what degree is the proposed ecological hypothesis supported?

            Strongly

            Weakly

            It is not

            Cannot be determined

Explanation / Answer

1.

The independent variables are

Predator presence/absence and Prey presence/absence

2.

The dependent variables are

Predator activity level and Prey activity level ( depends on presence/absence of predator and prey)

3.

The independent variables are Numerical and discrete ( because can count the number of predators and preys)

4.

The dependent variables are Categorical and ordinal (because activity can be high , medium or low hence clear ordering is there )

5.

The treatment for control would be Predator,Prey ( because the activity level of prey increase if predator present)

6.

The height of each bar represent mean activity level

7.

Null hypothesis is equal variance in activity in the groups

8.

P of getting F value of 6.12 is 0.05

9.

At 0.05 it will be rejected ( p < 0.05) but at 0.01 it won't be rejected (p>0.01)

10.

It will be weakly supported because the null hypothesis will be false for different variance of the data

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