The presence of predators has been hypothesized to induce changes in behavior an

Question

The presence of predators has been hypothesized to induce changes in behavior and morphology of prey. Consider the graph below comparing activity levels of snails reared either in the presence or absence of their crab predator. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) found that F1,10 = 6.12; and p = 0.043. Answer the following questions:

What is/are the independent variable(s)?

                Predator presence/ absence

                Predator activity level

                Prey presence/ absence

                Pretty activity level

What is/are the dependent variable(s)?

                Predator presence/ absence

                Predator activity level

                Prey presence/absence

Prey activity level

The independent variable(s) is/are

                Numerical and continuous

                Numerical and discrete

                Categorical and nominal

                Categorical and ordianl

The dependent variable(s) is/are

                Numerical and continuous

                Numerical and discrete

                Categorical and nominal

                Categorical and ordianl

Which treatment would you consider to be the ?control??

                No predator; no prey

                No predator; prey

                Predator; no prey

                Predator; prey

What does the height of each bar represent, per group?

                Mean activity level

                Maximum activity level

                Summed activity level

                Variance in activity level

What is the null hypothesis for this experiment?

                Equal mean activity in the two groups

                Equal variance in activity in the groups

                More mean activity with no predators

                More variable activity with no predators

What is the probability of getting an F value of 6.12 if the null hypothesis is true?

                0.05

                0.043

                4.3

                0.95

Given the reported statistical results, would the null hypothesis be rejected with an ? = 0.05 or 0.01?

                Yes at both 0.05 and 0.01

                Yes at 0.05, but no at 0.01

                No at both 0.05 and 0.01

                Cannot be determined

Given the reported statistical results, to what degree is the proposed ecological hypothesis supported?

                Strongly

                Weakly

                It is not

                Cannot be determined

Explanation / Answer

1. Predator presence/ absence

Scientists have presented their result based on the comparison drawn with presence or absence of predator this means that this is an independent variable and is changed by the scientist.

2. Prey activity level

Prey activity depends on the absence or presence of predator. Moreover, predator shows activity on the basis that it has prey around or not. Therefore, it is a dependent variable.

3. Categorical and nominal

The independent variable is taken into account by its presence or absence in this case. hence, it is categorical and nominal.

4.  Numerical and continuous

The activity of dependent variable is measured in terms of percentage. it is numerical and continuous.

5. No predator; prey

The absence of predator is used as a control.

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