1. In order for forward motion to occur, opposing limbs must experience opposing

Question

1. In order for forward motion to occur, opposing limbs must experience opposing phases of the locomotion cycle. Such control is mediated by

a. neurons within the motor cortex

b. spinal cord interneurons

2. Once begun, locomotion is enabled by a central pattern generator. This term denotes

a. neurons within the motor cortex

b. a sensory profile from mechanoreceptors in the feet and proprioceptors within the limbs

3. Locomotion in our case study was enabled by vision because the model animal walked with purpose towards a goal. Vision is a representation of an animal’s immediate environment created by neurosecretion.

Where does such neurosecretion occur in body space?

a. within the retina, thalamus, and sensory cortex

b. within the retina and midbrain

4. Do retinal photoreceptors respond to all forms of electromagnetic stimuli or just a narrow bandwidth?

all forms or   narrow bandwidth

5. Retinal photoreceptors are miniaturized, modified neurons. These particular retinal neurons are odd in that they hyperpolarize in response to light. Consequently, does the rate at which they secrete glutamate increase or decrease in response to light?

increase or decrease

6. Bipolar neurons are found between rods and ganglion cells. Diminution of glutamate secretion from rods upon bipolar neurons increases glutamate secretion from bipolar neurons upon ganglion cells. This effect is mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptors on bipolar neurons that activate cGMP phosphodiesterase. Consequently, how does diminution of glutamate secretion on bipolar neurons affect [cGMP] within bipolar neurons?

increase or decrease

Explanation / Answer

1. neurons within the motor cortex.

2. central pattern generator is a sensory profile from mechanoreceptors in the feet and proprioceptors within the limbs.

ans 3. neurosecretion takes place within within the retina, thalamus, and sensory cortex.

ans 4. retinal photoreceptors respond to a narrow bandwith.

ans 5 -- level of glutamate will decrease

ans 6 --- decrease

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