8. Which of the following statements about chitin is TRUE? -Chitin is a structur

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8. Which of the following statements about chitin is TRUE?

-Chitin is a structural polymer found in some algae and fungi cells.
-Chitin is a linear polymer.
-Chitin is a polymer of beta (1-4) linked N- Acetylglucosamine.
-All of the above

9. Which of the following statements about glycogen is TRUE?

-Glycogen is a storage polymer found in animal cells.
-Glycogen is a branched polymer.
-Glycogen is a polymer of alfa (1-4) linked glucose with alfa (1-6) branching.
-All of the above

10. Which of the following statements is a correct description of the term “anabolism”?

-The term anabolism is defined as the sum of all reactions in a cell.
-The term anabolism describes the reactions that are subject to regulation.
-The term anabolism describes the synthetic reactions in a cell.
-The term anabolism describes the degradative reactions in a cell.

11. Which of the following statements is a correct description of the term “catabolism”?
-The term catabolism is defined as the sum of all reactions in a cell.
-The term catabolism describes the reactions that are subject to regulation.
-The term catabolism describes the synthetic reactions in a cell.
-The term catabolism describes the degradative reactions in a cell.

12. Which of the following statements about anaerobic respiration in animal cells is TRUE?

-Pyruvate is ultimately converted to CO2 and H2O in animal cells.

-It occurs in presence of oxygen.

-It generates the most amount of ATP.

-None of the above are true

13. Which of the following is the number of ATP produced per molecule of stearic acid?

-32 ATP

-120 ATP

-240 ATP

-55 ATP

14. The following coenzyme is used for lipid biosynthesis, which is _____ in the process.

-NADP+; Reduced

-NADPH; Oxidized

-NAD+; Reduced

-NAD+; Oxidized

15. Which of the following describes the function of coenzyme A in lipid metabolism?

-Coenzyme A is crucial in lipid storage.

-Coenzyme A is crucial in lipid uptake by cells.

-Coenzyme A is needed to charge the lipid before it participates in metabolism such as Acetyl CoA.

-None of the above

16. Which of the following is a product of nitrogen catabolism in fish?

-Pyruvate

-Urea

-Allantoin

-Ammonium ion

17. Which of the following is true for purine synthesis?

-Nitrogen is supplied by glycine, aspartate, and glutamine.

-Carbon is supplied by N-Formyl tetrahydrofolate.

-Carbon is supplied by glycine and CO2.

-All of the above

18. Which of the following molecules plays crucial roles in the feedback inhibition of nitrogen metabolism?

-Glutamate
-Urea
-Allantoin
-Ammonium ion

Explanation / Answer

8) Answer: All of the above.

9) Answer: All of the above.

10) The term anabolism describes the synthetic reactions in a cell. It involves the synthesis of complex molecules.

11) The term catabolism describes the degradative reactions in a cell. It involves degradation of molecules.

12) Anaerobic respiration is the ability of an organism to produce energy in the form of ATP in the absence of oxygen. Organisms take glucose and through the electron transport chain, produce ethanol or lactic acid, CO2 and ATP. This type of respiration is used by animals for shorter periods, when they have low supply of oxygen. It produces only 2 ATP per molecule of glucose.

So, the answer is: None of the above is true.

13. Stearic acid is saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain.

18 carbons yield 9 acetyl CoA molecules. For each acetyl CoA, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 are produced, during krebs cycle. Through electron transport system, each NADH produces 2.5 ATP and each FADH2 forms 1.5 ATP.

So, each acetyl CoA yields 1 ATP + 7.5 ATP + 1.5 ATP = 10 ATP

So, 9 acetyl CoA will produce = 10 ATP*9 = 90 ATP

Also, the beta-oxidation process itself yields 1 NADH and 1 FADH2 for each acetyl CoA produced.Thus, 4 ATP(1.5+2.5) are formed. There are 8 beta-oxidation cycles, so that makes 8*4 ATP = 32 ATP

Also, consider that 2 ATP molecules are used for initial activation of fatty acid.

So, total ATP = 90+ 32 -2 = 120 ATP

14) NADPH serves as electron donor involving substrate reduction. So, NADPH is oxidized.

15) Before fatty acids can be metabolized, they must be activated. This activation step involves the addition of a coenzyme A molecule to the end of a long chain fatty acid. After this activated fatty acid enters the beta-oxidation pathway.

16) Ammonia is highly toxic and soluble in water. If the organism has a sufficient source of water, ammonia can be simply excreted in the water. So, the product of nitrogen catabolism is ammonium ion.

17) answer: All of the above.

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